Case Incident 2 Professional Sports: Rewarding?

Case Incident 2 PROFESSIONAL SPORTS: REWARDING AND PUNISHING THE SAME BEHAVIOUR QUESTION: 1. What type of reinforcement schedule does random drug testing represent? Is this type of schedule typically effective or ineffective? Answer: The type of reinforcement schedules that random drug testing represent is the variable interval type. As defined, this type of schedule occurs when a response is rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time has passed. In the case, the reinforcement schedule is done randomly and unexpected.It is typically effective because athletes not aware of the test and when these tests will be taken place. Therefore, athletes are unprepared. QUESTION: 2. What are some examples of behaviors in typical organization that supervisors reward that may actually be detrimental to others or to the organization as a whole? As a manager, what might you do to try to avoid quandary? Answer: It’s when the athletes are taking steroids. When athletes take steroids to enhan ce their performance abilities, they are misleading their managers and their fans.At first, they will be rewarded. Like they can earn more profit and increase their popularity, But in the end, when it is discovered that the athlete were taking steroids, he destroys his team’s reputation and of course his own reputation and also the loyalty the fans had for him. If I was a manager, what I might do in order to avoid this quandary, if I was made aware of someone using steroids, I would do a random drug testing as soon as possible instead of having the whole team suffer for that one insubordinate athlete. QUESTION: 3.If you were the commissioner of baseball, what steps would you take to try to reduce the use of steroids in baseball? Is punishment likely to be the most effective deterrent? Why or why not? Answer: Yes, punishment is the most effective deterrent. Because punishment is everyone’s scared of. It’s the only way how can they make their selves responsible. I f I were a baseball commissioner, I will enforce a policy that will monitor athlete’s condition regarding the usage of steroids and enforce heavy punishment for those athletes that will be caught using steroids

Causes of Unemployement

Causes of unemployment According to a number of economists the rate of unemployment in the united States has not declined now for some time. It is believed that this is due to a lack of education and skills that those who are seeking work have, as the numerous jobs and careers that have been created since our economic shift are specialty Jobs, which require technical training and certifications to be considered as a candidate. So our current situation may seem to be the same problem as before, but It Is not due to lack of Jobs presented In the Job market, Just rather suitable positions for those homo are seeking work.As much as the rapid development of the modem technology and requirement of the new skills, which disqualify more people than ever before, the gap between the Job vacancies and people who are actively seeking Jobs Is becoming larger and continues to expand. It Is not entirely due to the mismatching of the Job requirement and candidate's lack of educations or skills: It I s primarily due to the companies and firms reducing their demand for resources, especially labor. According to Anthony Calaboose's article, if every one of the public ND private sector job openings were filled by tomorrow, there would still be nearly 1 1. Million people out of work. However, before the recession the gap was much lower, coming in under a million. If it were Just structural unemployment, the gap would not be this large and the companies would eventually fill the positions; however, it takes longer time to match the perfect candidate. Whereas, the unemployment rate keeps increasing and has yet to go down since the recession, it only makes sense that the cyclical unemployment has taken place in the job market.

Monroe Doctrine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Monroe Doctrine - Essay Example The Monroe Doctrine was expressed by President James Monroe in 1823 within his annual address to the Congress. The main idea of Monroe’s message was the following: until European powers doest not interfere with the U.S. interests in Western Hemisphere, the United States would not interfere with European spheres of interest in Eastern Hemisphere. In a nut shell the Doctrine stated that, â€Å"The United States would not interfere in European wars or internal affairs, and expected Europe to stay out of American affairs.† Authors of the Doctrine emphasized that the document must be viewed as anti-colonialist proclamation intended to prevent further colonization of South and Latin American countries by European states, such as Spain, France and Russian Empire. In its turn, the U.S. planned to maintain neutral position in any clash taking place in Europe or European colonies in Eastern Hemisphere. Consequently, any military conflict taking place between a European country an d its former colony in Americas would be viewed as action hostile toward the U.S.: â€Å"But with the Governments who have declared their independence and maintain it, and whose independence we have †¦ acknowledged, we could not view any interposition for the purpose of oppressing them, or controlling †¦ by any European power in any other light than as the manifestation of an unfriendly disposition toward the United States†." (Monroe Doctrine, 1823). Apparently, the Doctrine was an adequate response to the political situation in Western Hemisphere. In 1815 the Spanish Empire in the New World collapsed. During only 7 years, from 1815 to 1822, Chile, Peru, Colombia and Argentina fought their independence. These newly emerged states sought for the U.S. recognition of their independence, and public opinion in the U.S. was mainly positive on this issue (Dent, 1999). At the same time the U.S. had negotiations with Spain trying to purchase Florida. The negotiations were successful, and once Florida was purchased the Monroe administration recognized Chile, Argentina, Peru, Mexico and Colombia. Apparently, this step may be considered as the first sign of new U.S. policy in Western Hemisphere. Europe immediately reacted to the U.S. behaviour. France and Spain joined together in an effort to restore their lost influence on American colonies. This effort was opposed by the UK government which was not willing to allow France regain its former influence in America: "All the work of Wolfe, Chatham and other eighteenth-century British statesmen to get France out of the New World would be undone, and France would again be a power in the Americas"(Monroe Doctrine, 2005). Yet, support of the Holy Alliance (Prussia, Austria and Russia) was strong enough for the U.S. and UK to seriously consider the threat. Seeking support in its attempts to keep France out of Americas - the result of nearly century of UK efforts - British government proposed to the U.S to ally and warn off both Spain and France from new interventions in the New World. However, the attitude of U.S. government toward the UK proposal was ambiguous with T. Jefferson and J. Madison, Monroe's renowned predecessors, supporting it and John Q. Adams, Secretary of the State, opposing it mostly due to concern that Mexico intended to extend its influence to Oregon and also due to recent diplomatic conflict with the Russian Empire (over the northwest coast of North America). During the meeting of Cabinet that took place on November 7, 1823, Adams convinced the other statesmen to

In what ways has social inequality been regarded as a context for Essay

In what ways has social inequality been regarded as a context for crime in the work Marxist and Left Realist criminologits - Essay Example that as long as people have different interests and as long as some individual groups hold more power than others then crime will always be in existence. This is because of the differentials in the power and interests of the human condition such that crime will always be a part of us. Similarly with the overthrow of the mode of production for the capitalists there will emerge the natural goodness of the humanity and this will further lead to no more criminal behaviour. The main ideologies in Marxism include the concept of crime, the cause of crime and the cure for crime. In the cause for crime the theorists refuse to pass the moral judgement since they view the criminal conduct to be morally neutral without any intrinsic properties which distinguish it from any conforming behaviour. On the other hand crime does not exist until there is a powerful interest group which is able to criminalize the activities of another group which is less powerful. Some people view crime as the revolutionary actions by those who are downtrodden in the society and others view it as the acts which are socially harmful by a class of traitors while others yet see it as the violations of the human rights. On the concept of crime the law tends to favour those who are more powerful but not any specified group. The group is more likely to be favoured if it has greater wealth more power as well as prestige in the society. This is a very powerful tool that is used by the ruling class who criminalizes the workers activities which are harmful to its interests while ignoring their own socially harmful behaviour. From the neo-Marxism came the most poplar theory of crime and the core of the Marxist is the class struggle concept. According to the Marxists the oppressors were the wealth owners who were also known as the bourgeoisie and they had the means of production and on the other hand the oppressed were the working class who were the proletariat. Also according to the Marxists the ruling class

Managment Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Managment - Term Paper Example and experimental culture regardless of the number of years Intuit has been in business.The essay briefly describes the leadership skills and management style of Brad Smith, and his efforts to drive the Company to a higher market share. Brad began his entrepreneurship journey in his early years. He was in martial arts starting at the age of 14 and got his black belt by the age of 18. Soon after, he was teaching an entire school with about 150 students. His early life was unbelievably intense due to the self-awareness part of being a black belt. At that point, he knew nothing about entrepreneurship, and that is where his journey began. His dad worked for Nestle for about 26 years and ended up being the mayor of their hometown. He was tough but kind to everybody and treated each one around him like a human being. Brad spent six years in a job doing a range of jobs in marketing, before joining Intuit. He started the Internet division at a time the dot-com was booming and convinced the board to avail US$40 million to be used in signing two e-commerce deals. He convinced the board that it was possible for them to sell more products online than their salesforce could do. The plan did not succeed as planned but the board still trusted Brad to deliver for the company in future endeavors. Brad Smith joined Intuit in 2003, serving as the Vice President as well as the general manager of the Company’s Accountant Central and Developer Network in Plano (Furr, Dyer, & Christensen, 2014). Brad also led Intuit’s Consumer Tax Group from March 2004 to May 2005 in San Diego. In May 2006, he was selected to serve as the senior Vice President as well as the general manager of the Company’s Small Business Division. He was fully responsible for the small business division department of the company and dealt with the portfolio of Quicken, QuickBooks, and the Payroll products. Later in January 2008, Brad was selected to become the president and chief executive officer of

Factors and Criteria That Determine Which Brand of Mobile Phones Will Essay

Factors and Criteria That Determine Which Brand of Mobile Phones Will Top Today and Which Brand Will Peak after That - Essay Example Each cell phone company tries hard to produce cell phones that are acceptable to most consumers in order to gain a better share of the market (Kushchu, 2007). This competition has led to great innovation that has seen mobile phones with great features such as MP3 and video players, cameras, wireless internet, games, and application among others playing a significant part in attracting more customers. Mobile phone innovation has come a long way and the future still looks bright, with the innovation of smart phones taking the mobile phone market by storm in the recent past. Changing consumer needs over the years have been very fundamental in the revolution of the mobile phone industry (Kerlinger, and Lee, 2000). Initially, mobile phones were only used for voice communications and text messages. With time however, consumer needs begun to influence the industry to change as companies sought to bow to consumer demands. Consumers prefer mobile phones that allow them to share information an d other multimedia devices such as images and music, have internet access and entertainment. Global mobile phone sales account for up to 60% of all electronic sales (Liu, 2002). This implies the growing demand for mobile phones across the world. With thousands of mobile phone manufactures and different brands around the world, consumers are spoilt for choice over which brands to buy. There are however various factors that determine consumer decisions on which cell phone brands to purchase. It is these factors that determine which mobile phone brands will be at peak at any given time. Mobile phone brands that have the feature that consumers want are likely to stay at the peak of the industry as compared to... This paper approves that global mobile phone sales account for up to 60% of all electronic sales. This implies the growing demand for mobile phones across the world. With thousands of mobile phone manufactures and different brands around the world, consumers are spoilt for choice over which brands to buy. There are however various factors that determine consumer decisions on which cell phone brands to purchase. It is these factors that determine which mobile phone brands will be at peak at any given time. Mobile phone brands that have the feature that consumers want are likely to stay at the peak of the industry as compared to less innovative brands. Despite selection of mobile phones being a subjective issue with most consumers having different opinions, there are various factors that are common to a majority of consumers. These include price, value of the brand, interface of the cell phone, and properties and features of a mobile phone. This report makes a conclusion that best selling mobile phones are the ones that meet the demands of consumers with regard to the factors identified above. The factors affecting consumer demands for cell phones are likely to change from time to time in to the future as the technology environment changes. The key factor to determine which mobile phone brand will be at peak, both presently and in the future is the fact that only those brands that respond to consumer demands at any particular time will be best selling brands.

The septuagint as a result of the diaspora of Jews in Egypt Research Paper

The septuagint as a result of the diaspora of Jews in Egypt - Research Paper Example locations.1 Under the reign of several foreign kings, most of the members of the Jewish faith were removed out of Judea. These people had to adapt to the languages of the ruling empires to continue trade and commerce, aside from being under the rule of another empire. Under Persian rule, apart from Hebrew as the language of Jews, Aramaic also became the lingua franca, and eventually was accepted as an official language. So profound was the effect of the Persians that prayer books of Jews during that time were written in Aramaic.2 During the reign of Alexander the Great, there was a wide spread of the Hellenistic culture, and as a result aside from being able to speak Aramaic and Hebrew, most Jews were able to speak fluent Greek as well. The flexibility of Jews in adapting to the reigning empire’s generic laws such as the choice of languages enabled them not only to translate some of their scriptures into Aramaic, but to Greek as well. The Septuagint, also known as LXX, is a co llection of Jewish scriptures that were translated into Greek, and was believed to have been written sometime during the Ptolemaic rule in Egypt, under Ptolemy II Philadelphus’ reign (282-246 BC).3 The original title of the Septuagint is interpretation septuaginta vivorum, or â€Å"the translation of seventy men† in English, and according to some legends these 70 or 72 men were composed of six scholars from each tribe of Judea. The collection of writings was considered to be the gift of Jews to the Greek-speaking world, as described by the Jewish author Philo of Alexandria in Egypt.4 For some scholars, the prototypes or the earliest forms of the translated scriptures were called Old Greek, abbreviated as OG, and the succeeding materials were collectively known as Septuagint.5 The texts were originally composed of the translations of the Pentateuch, but other scriptures were added to the collection.6 It can be deduced that the monotheistic nature of the Jews persisted d uring several periods under different rulers, which they considered to be polytheistic or Gentile. The resilience as well as the continuous faith of the Jews in their God has been proven by a number of works that have survived numerous centuries under the reign of several empires. Thus, the Septuagint, though being described by most Hebrew scholars during its time as a controversial document due to some deviations from the original Hebrew texts, is considered a testament of the Jews staying monotheistic regardless of where they are or who the reigning emperor is. THE DIASPORA OF JEWS The idea of leaving the homeland has been a recurring theme in the history of Jews, since the time of Abraham, and being exiled is the punishment of God that is to be accepted.7 Thus most of the stories in the Pentateuch were about the exile of Jews in search of the one true God. While the numerous travels and the long durations of being away from the homeland proved to be both harsh and not, for most J ews this also served as a blessing to them, especially with regard to the continuation of the Judean

Merged School of Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Merged School of Business - Essay Example They are globalization, technology and sustainability (Schuler & MacMillan, 2006). It is worthy of mentioning that the expression ‘human resource management’ has been used in the context of practicing organizations as well as academicians since last ten to fifteen years. Formerly, the concept was referred as personnel administration. Human resource management takes into consideration all the activities that are undertaken by the enterprises for the purpose of utilizing the resources of the organisation effectively in order to attain individual, organisational as well as group goals (Franklyn, n.d.). A well-crafted merger as well as acquisition strategy can assist an organisation to attain competitive advantage and therefore help in the creation of the shareholders value (London Business School, 2011). The case study is related to the problems faced by All Star University which is the product of a government-sponsored amalgamation between two universities as well as their school/departments. One of them is 115 years old Sandstone University and the other one is 20 years old Redbrick Institute of Technology. The main objective of the essay is to identify the key stakeholders involved in the case study and to discuss their major interests. It will also try to examine the HR challenges as well as problems involved in this merger and therefore will present solutions and recommendations in order to overcome the challenges. Stakeholders can be identified as the persons who get influenced by the strategic plan. Stakeholders may be either group of people, institutions, and organisations or may as well be individuals. The term ‘stakeholder’ may as well be identified as actors or as interest groups. It can be mentioned that the acknowledgement of the stakeholders is an iterative procedure. It is significant to mention that the stakeholders may be at any position in the society. They may be at international level to national, regional, household o r intra-household level. It may comprise all those who affect or may get affected because of the policies, actions or decision in any particular method (International Centre For Development Oriented Research In Agriculture, n.d.). It is often noted that universities are termed as typical organisation which are made up of the stakeholders. The overall management as well as development of the university is completely dependent by its close association with the stakeholders. Conventionally, universities were simply taken as institutions comprising of teachers providing lessons or conducting researches, students of all the levels, various other employees who were held accountable for the business work as well as academic work, the course systems and other related resources and management procedures. However, such opinions generally ignore other development resources as well as social capital. The major stakeholders in any university can be teachers, parents, commercial circle, students, public as well as private sectors of the economy, mass media, professional associations as well as the society (Yi & Rui, n.d.). In the context of this case study, there are many parties who are actively involved. Sandstone University is one of the stakeholders which are in operation since 115 years. The other significant stakeholder is Redbrick Institute of Technology which is into existence

LAND LAW SUMMATIVE ASSIGNMENT DECEMBER 2012 Essay

LAND LAW SUMMATIVE ASSIGNMENT DECEMBER 2012 - Essay Example However, the privileges of a recipient under a trust exist given that Thirty years ago Susan paid the original deposit on the house from her own savings. The rights of a beneficiary under a trust are created formally or arises informally either by a covenant between the couple or following a financial contribution made by Susan to the cost of improving or buying the farm. A legal interest, which is binding or overriding in the case is the rights of occupation. Susan does not jointly own the farm with Edward, but has a statutory rights of occupation referred to as home rights, which arise in cases of a civil or marriage partnership. The case of Susan actual occupation being overriding in expressed in the case Williams and Glyn’s Bank Ltd v Boland [1981] AC 487.1 (ii) Considering the fact that Edward has granted Jayasuriya a right to exclusive occupation of a cottage on the farm by deed for seven years period, Jayasuriya holds leasehold of the farm by deed. This implies that Jay asuriya has a right in the property that may be enforceable. A lease can be provided for a fixed term such as seven years, which is the case of Jayasuriya, it may be periodic tenancy running from a single period to another until one party ends the lease by providing the other party with a notice of its termination. The possibility of the exclusive occupation right by deed may bind Adams given that he never knew the arrangement between Jayasuriya and Edward. The nature of this right is an equitable right. The equitable right will remain binding if the buyer has notice of the existence or presence of the right, the right has not been overreached, and the buyer is not a bona fide buyer for value of the legal farm without notice. 2 However, it is recommended that the mirror principle be applied, which outlines the interests attached to the land. This could have been very valuable for Adam prior to purchasing of the farm from Edward. (iii) A possibility exists that Gunawansa, Edward Mull et’s neighbor may posses similar right to an easement. The easement need to accommodate the dominant tenement. This implies that it must posses some direct beneficial impact or influence on the dominant land. In order for an easement to contain the overriding land it is not fundamental that the servient and dominant land be near or adjacent to each other, even though they need to be sufficiently near each other for the easement to be of direct benefit to the dominant or principal land. Pugh v Savage [1970]2, a â€Å"right of way† existed over a single field in order to get to the other, but a third field also lay between the dominant and servient fields. The right of way was regarded or held as a valid easement.3 Section 1(2) of the LPA 1925 has a provision, which states that, the only charges or interest in or over land that is capable of subsisting or of being created or conveyed at law is an easement, right, privilege in or over land for an interest that is equivale nt to an estate or farm in fee simple absolute in possessions or a term of absolute years. (iv) In legal terms, the occupation of the attic room in the main farmhouse by Maria appears to be a licensee implying that she is on the property of her father with the license or permission and thus not a trespasser. A family arrangement or plan of this nature

Research Topic Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Topic - Research Paper Example The role of custodial parents by the grandparents is a multiethnic issue as the literature review section will indicate. The research in discussion below will also point out the different effects the role of being custodial parents has on different individuals and especially the grandparents and the grandchildren and what efforts if any has the state taken to deal or assist in this matter. Literature Review Overview The US census results of year 2005 were the first to openly show interest in the growing number of grandparents who have become custodians of their grandchildren. According to those results, there was an average of 5.7 million grandparents living with their grandchildren and acting as their parents. In line with multiethnic issues, the results further indicated that of the 5.7 million grandparents, 8% were African Americans, 16% were Hispanics and the rest were Caucasians. In a large state like Colorado which also is a multiethnic state, the results are almost similar wit h those indicated nationally and this statistics have been on the increase (U.S. Census Bureau, 2006). Theoretical model The best theory to explain the change of grandparents’ role to that of custodians of their grandchildren is the life course theory. ... According to Phua and Kaufman, 2008, it is with this light therefore that the life course of grandparents change and they now adopt the role of parents for their grandchildren. For the Hispanics and African American for example, the immigration, racial stereotypes and other ethnic difficulties of living in a foreign land contributes to the life course changes as it leads to changes in their social, cultural and structural lives which are contributing factors to the reasons why grandparents are left with custodial burden (Phua and Kaufman, 2008). Impacts of custodial grand parenting Numerous literatures have pointed out the impacts associated with this research topic to both the grandparents and the grandchildren. According to the National Institute of Mental Health and Population Reference Bureau, grandchildren who are in custody of their grandparents grow up with more emotional and behavioral problems compared to those raised by the parents (Scommegna, 2012). This is especially diff icult when it comes to adolescent grandchildren. The research also indicates that in homes where there is low income (mostly among African-Americans and Hispanics), the behavioral problems are likely to escalate. The problem however is not so rampant among the whites majorly because most of their custodial care starts when the children are young. Research findings by America Association for Marriage and Family Therapy indicate that grandparents also face their share of different impact. Some of these identified impacts include the legal problem and process of acquiring custody of their grandchildren. This is especially so in case of divorce where the parents are still alive. The other is the financial impact. Most grandparents are retired and therefore have no steady flow of

The Most Useful (or Important) Scientific Invention Essay Example for Free

The Most Useful (or Important) Scientific Invention Essay The microscope is considered one of the most useful and important scientific inventions known to man. The microscope was invented by Anton van Leeuwenhoek during the seventeenth century. Leeuwenhoek was not a scientist by profession. Initally he made a living selling clothes and buttons, but spent his spare time grinding lenses and constructing microscopes of remarkable quality, such as the light microscope. The light microscope could magnify cells, for instance in plants so you could see a clearer and bigger picture of what they are made of. Over the years, scientists improved on Anton van Leeuwenhoeks microscope by creating microscopes with higher magnifications and far better resolutions, so specimens examined had a sharper image. The latest improvement was the electron microscope, which uses electron beams instead of lamps or mirrors reflecting light like the light microscope. As a result, microscopes have made science today, appear to have more substance, inviting the interest of many young and even old minds. Microscopes also provide the opportunity to identify unknown objects, judging from the various characteristics they may have, so they can be grouped or classed along with others. For instance, microscopes can differentiate between two cells, due to the presence or absence of contents they are supposed to contain. The electron microscope is usually used in such cases as it can magnify the internal structures of a cell where as the light microscope would just give an idea of how the structures are spaced in the cell and not necessarily their characteristics. As simple as this may seem, this differentiation can lead to the diagnosis of a disease that a person may have. This is the main reason why microscopes are so important and useful not only in medical research, but in survival of life as well. The identification of many viruses, fungi, plants, animals and bacteria are owed to the invention of the microscope. Without the microscope, people would not be aware of diseases they may have, which could be life-long, fatal, or contagious, resulting in many deaths and illnesses around the world as there is no way diseases can be cured without being identified. Therefore, the invention of the microscope has proven itself to be very useful from the day of its invention to today, leaving room for even more improvement for years to come.

Liver Functions, Anatomy and Diseases

Liver Functions, Anatomy and Diseases Sandra Marais Nikita Wiggil Charne Scott Chante Wiese   Sue-May van der Westhuizen Stephanie Willows Contents (Jump to) Introduction The Anatomy and function of the Liver Definition and description of the disease Fatty Liver Disease Symptoms PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND ETIOLOGY OF FATTY LIVER DISEASES: Treatment and prevention Introduction The Anatomy and function of the Liver Anatomy is the science of the structure and shape of entities. It is important for the knowledge of hepatic anatomy and surgery. The liver is one of the largest organs of the human body after the skin it is the second largest. The liver is the largest gland in the human body, with an average weight of 1500g. The transverse measurements ranges between 20 and 22,5cm, its vertical measurements (close to its right/lateral surface) between 15 and 17,5cm and its antero-posterior diameter between 10 and 12,5cm. Its measurement, from opposite the vertebral column, is reduced to roughly 7,5cm. It is found underneath the diaphragm -in the right upper abdomen, mid abdomen as well as in parts of the left upper abdomen. The shape of the liver generally has the form of a wedge or a prism. According to Synington the shape resembles that of a right-angled triangular prism with the right angle rounded off. Its base faces the right and its apex to the left, the colour of the liver is dark reddish brown it has a soft degree of density, it contains a large amount of vessels and is very brittle. In an adult, it is smaller than in a fetus. In the later (side) it contributes roughly one thirty-six of the body weight. In the former (side) it contributes roughly one-eighteenth of the body weight. The liver has three surfaces namely the superior (Facies superior), inferior (Facies inferior/ visceral surface) and posterior (Facies posterior). The posterior surface is divided from the superior surface by a sharp margin. The superior surface attaches itself to the diaphragm as well as the anterior abdominal by the falciform ligament (ligamentum falciform hepatis). The falciform ligament separates the liver into a right lobe (lobus hepatis dexter) and a left lobe (lobus hepatis sinister). The right lobe is larger than the left. Five fossae divide the inferior and posterior surfaces into four lobes. The fossae are arranged like the letter ‘’H’’. The left limb of the H is divided into what is known as the left sagittal fossa (fossa sagittalis sinistra/longitudinal fissure) consisting off the fossa of the umbilical vein and the fossa for the ductus venosus. The right limb of the H consists of the fossa for the gall-bladder (fossa vesicà ¦ felleà ¦) and th e fossa for the inferior vena cava (fossa venà ¦ cavà ¦). The two limbs of the H surfs as a transverse fissure- the porta (porta hepatis/transverse fissure). The superior surface is part of is part of the left and right lobe. This surface is convex. The middle part is found behind the xiphoid process and it makes contact with the abdominal wall. It is entirely concealed by peritoneum, with the exception of the line of attachment of the flaciform ligament. The inferior surface is concave. It is aimed downward, backward as well as to the left. The surface is infused in peritoneum- the only parts that are without it, is where the gall-bladder and the liver attaches as well as at the porta hepatis. The posterior surface has a curved surface and is broad on the right, but narrow on the left. The diaphragm is attached with a triangular and coronary ligament that intertwine connective tissue, it leads to the intimate connection of the inferior vene cava that is connected with hapatic veins that holds up the posterior part of the liver. The abdominal viscera full the abdomen, where the muscular walls are in a state of tonic contraction. The superior surface of the liver fits under the diaphragm surface, so that the pressure is enough to hold the diaphragm. The lax falciform ligament creates no support for the lateral displacement and the latter creates negative pressure that is held up in the thorax (Gray, Henry. Anatomy of the Human Body. PHILADELPHIA: Lea Febiger, 1918; Bartleby.com, 2000. www.bartleby.com/107/. [DATE of Printout].) Functions of the liver The liver receives blood from two main sources: 30% is received from the hepatic arteries and 70% is received from the hepatic portal vein. The hepatic portal vein receives blood from the stomach, intestines, pancreas and spleen; which is then carried to the liver through the porta hepatis. All nutrients are absorbed by the small intestine, all nutrients reaches the liver by this route except for lipids. Arterial blood bound for the liver exists the aorta ant the celiac trunk. These arteries deliver oxygen and other materials to the liver. (SALADIN, p. 975-977) Digestion Liver produces bile; which is a mixture of water, bile salts, cholesterol and pigments of bilirubin. Bile is produced by hepatocytes in the liver. Bile passes through the bile ducts and is stored in the gallbladder. Fats are emulsificated by bile. Large fat clumps are turned into smaller pieces which makes it easy for the body to digest. Old worn oud red blood cells are destroyed by Kupffer cells in the liver. Kupffer cells pass their components to the hepatocytes. Haemoglobin is the red oxygen-carrying pigment of red blood cells, haemoglobin is metabolized into heme and globin components. Energy for the body comes from globin protein. Metabolism Liver is responsible for metabolizing carbohydrates , lipids and proteins into biologically useful materials. Blood entering the liver through the hepatic portal vein is rich in glucose from digested food. Some of this glucose is absorbed by hepatocytes. The glucose is stored as the macromolecule glycogen. Homeostasis is maintained by the absorption and release of glucose by the hepatocytes, it helps protect the body from spikes and drops that can be dangerous in the blood glucose level. Hepatocytes absorb and metabolise fatty acids to produce energy in the form of ATP. Through gluconeogenesis the hepatocytes convert glycerol and other lipid components into glucose. Cholesterol is a lipid which can also be produced by hepatocytes and gets excreted from the body as a component of bile. Amino acids is a component from dietary proteins. Amine groups are removed from the amino acids, by the hepatocytes, which is further converted into ammonia and urea. Urea can be excreted in urine as a waste product. Urea is less toxic than ammonia. Detoxification Hepatocytes cells of the liver monitor the contents of the blood and toxic substances are removed before they reach the rest of the body. Alcohol and drugs are metabolised into their inactive metabolites by the enzymes in hepatocytes cells. Storage Nutrients, vitamins and minerals obtained from the blood passing through the hepatic portal system are stored in the liver. Homeostasis of blood glucose is maintained by the storage of nutrients. Vitamins such as A, D, E, K and B12 is stored in the liver. Minerals such as iron and copper are stored in the liver. Production Vital protein components of blood plasma such as prothrombin, fibrinogen and albumins are produced by the liver. Prothrombin and fibrinogen proteins are factors involved in the formation of blood clots. Albumins maintain the isotonic environment of blood. Immunity Bacteria, fungi, parasites, worn out red blood cells and cellular debris are captured and digest by Kupffer cells. Large volumes of blood are cleaned very quickly by Kupffer cells due to the large volumes of blood passing through the hepatic portal system. (www.innerbody.com/image _digeov/card10-new2.html) American journal of Physiology: Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology : physiology and pathophysiology of apoptosis in epithelial cells of the liver; pancreas and intestine. By Blake. A. Jones ; Gregory. J. Gores. Published 1 December 1997 (vol.273. no.6, G1174-G1188) Definition and description of the disease Fatty liver disease â€Å"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a clinical and pathological syndrome.† (Zeng, et al., 2008) The main feature of NAFLD is the swelling of the (liver cells) hepatocytes because of pathological factor, alcohol excluded, that injure the liver. NAFLD is ranged from fatty liver alone to steatohepatitis, steatonecrosis and non-alcoholic steatohepartitis (NASH). (NASH) is only a stage in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. NAFLD may have the potential to progress into cirrhosis and liver failure.† Liver –biopsy features include steatosis, mixed inflammatory cell-infiltration, hepatocytes ballooning and necrosis, glycogen nuclei, Mallory’s hyaline and fibrosis.† (Angulo, 2002) According to Jansen (2004) NASH is an under diagnosed liver disease characterized by steatosis, necroinflammation and fibrosis. NASH can possibly develop into cirrhosis and hepatic cellular carcinoma. NASH incorporate mixed acute and chronic lobular inflammation, zone 3 perisinusiodal fibrosis and ballooning (Brunt, et al., 1999). Alcoholic liver disease. Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) includes a variety of spectrum of injury that can be from simple steatosis to frank cirrhosis. There are 3 groups of histological stages of ADL. Fatty liver or simple steatosis, alcoholic hepatitis and chronic hepatitis with hepatic fibrosis or cirrhosis. ALD can be caused by different types of factors including dose, duration and type of alcohol consumption and risk factors like obesity iron overload ect. Fatty Liver Disease Symptoms Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease causes no signs or symptoms that can be noticed but when it is noticed, it show signs of: Fatigue Pain in the right upper abdomen Weight loss. Inflammation and scarring of the liver Possible progression to liver failure. Symptoms consists of four (4) stages namely Simple fatty liver disease ( steatosis), Non-alcoholic Fatty liver Disease (NAFLD), Fibrosis And Cirrhosis. Simple fatty liver (Steatosis)- There are no clear symptoms and it can only be discoverd by an abnormal blood test result. Non-alcoholic Steotohepatitis (NASH)- It is the most aggressive form of this condition, it causes the liver to become inflamed creating a dull or aching pain in the top right abdomen, covering the lower side of the ribs. There may be no signs of any symptoms at all and it can only be discovered by specialized testing. Fibrosis- Constant inflammation in the liver which leads to the formation of scar tissue. Cirrhosis- Over a long period of time, it creates inflammation which can lead to the loss of liver function- which may lead to creating primary cancer. ALCOHOL-RELATED (ARLD) It shows no symptoms until the liver has already been severely damaged and it causes symptoms such as: Feeling sick, weak or tired Loos of weight Loss of appetite Jaundice- the yellowing of the eyes and skin The swelling of the stomach and ankles Confusion or drowsiness The excretion or the vomiting of blood. Alcohol related fatty liver disease is constantly diagnosed because of other conditions or other tests. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND ETIOLOGY OF FATTY LIVER DISEASES: Fatty Liver Disease encompasses two over head segments, namely Alcoholic Liver Disease and Non Alcoholic Liver Disease. ALCOHOLIC LIVER DISEASE (ALD) Alcoholic Liver Disease (ALD) encompasses the manifestations of the liver that is caused by the over consumption of alcohol (ethanol). It includes Fatty Liver, Alcoholic Hepatitis, and Chronic Hepatitis with liver cell fibrosis or cirrhosis.*1 Ethanol metabolization takes place in the liver. There are two main pathways of alcohol metabolism, namely alcohol dehydrogenase and cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2 E1. The first pathway works as follows: Firstly ethanol is metabolized by Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) into Acetaldehyde in the cytoplasm. The second phase occurs in the smooth Endoplasmic reticulum of mitochondria, where Acetaldehyde is further metabolized by Aldehyde dehydrogenase into acetate. Acetate is then finally oxidized into carbon dioxide (CO2) and water. CYP 2E1 also converts ethanol into acetaldehyde (OShea, et al., 2010). Liver damage occurs in a few mutually related pathways: Acetaldehyde can form hybrid-adducts with reactive residues acting on proteins or small molecules, mediating lipid peroxidation and nucleic acid oxidation. (French, et al., 1984) During further metabolization of alcohol, Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD) is reduced. This causes a shift in the NADH/NAD ratio. A higher NADH (reduced form of NAD) concentration increases the production of fatty acids, while lower concentrations of NAD result in decreased fatty acid oxidation. This altered ratio impair the metabolization of carbohydrates and lipids, resulting in the diversion from gluconeogenesis to ketogenesis and fatty acid synthesis. The liver cells compound the fatty acids to glycerol to form triglycerides. These accumulating triglycerides result in fatty liver. This leads to oxidative stress, which plays a pivotal role in ALD development. (French, et al., 1984) Furthermore, Acetaldehyde interacts through covalent binding with reactive residues of proteins found on the membranes of liver cells. This binding results in the formation of stable protein by-products which have been shown to be immunogenic. Tissue damage and ALD may be caused by this, because the neo-antigens may induce an immune reaction with anti-body production. CYP 2 E 1, when exposed to chronicle alcohol use generates free radicals through the oxidation of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) to NADP (OShea, et al., 2010). This exposure activates hepatic macrophages, also known as Kupffer cells, which leads to Tumor Necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is increased by the mitochondria, which in turn was induced by the TNF-alpha. This also promotes oxidative stress, which leads to hepatocytes necrosis and apoptosis. Many alcoholics have a condition of malnutrition. The deficiency in anti-oxidants, such as vitamin E, only worsens the necrosis and apoptosis. Free radicals initiate the oxidative degradation of lipids, which causes inflammation and liver tissue becomes scarred. Although the over consumption of alcohol is the primary cause of ADL, it is not always a pre-requirement for ALD development. It is important to understand the mechanisms of liver damage. When liver cells are exposed to alcohol, ATP synthesis is reduced and the activity of mitochondrial complexes is depressed. This causes energy metabolism of liver cells to be severely weaker and results in tissue damage. Metabolization of ethanol takes place in the centrilobular area of the liver lobule. Hypoxia alters energy metabolism, therefore centrilobular hypoxia can also be responsible for liver injury. The pathophysiology of alcoholic liver disease is very complex and further in depth investigation to understand the disease and how to treat it is being done. NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD) Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease is an over arching term for a variety of conditions associated with fat depositions in liver cells. NAFLD ranges from Simple fatty liver to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), to fibrosis and cirrhosis. The first stage of NAFDL is simple fatty liver or steatosis. It is considered harmless and only consists of a fat build up in the liver. The second stage, Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is more serious, but not many individuals progress to this state from simple fatty liver. Two liver insults may lead to the development of NASH. With the first insult or hit, macro-vesicular steatosis (abnormal retention of lipids within a cell) occurs as a result of an excessive amount of triglycerides accumulating in the liver. The cause of triglyceride accumulation can result from excessive importation of free fatty acids from adipose tissue.*5 The accumulating lipids in the liver cells seem to be caused by insulin resistance. Insulin resistance leads to changes in the livers enzymatic pathways that control free fatty acid uptake, synthesis, degradation and the secretion of free fatty acids. A crucial paradox arises: the liver maintains its liver lipid metabolization, but carbohydrate metabolism is weakened or damaged. Hepatic steatosis caused by these factors can result into diminished hepatic free fatty acid oxidation, more hepatic lipogenesis or fewer lipids are secreted from the liver. Along with insulin resistance, obesity plays an important role in the development of NAFLD. These alterations make the liver sensitive for the second insult or hit, which is an inflammatory response and further liver damage (Carey, et al., 2013). Toxic inflammatory proteins are secreted by the cytokines in the liver.*6 Hepatocyte apoptosis, an organized form of cellular death, is a leading component of the second insult of NAFLD progression. Oxidative stress and resulting lipid peroxidation are involved in the progression of NAFLD to NASH. The term â€Å"oxidative stress† is frequently used to describe the imbalances in redox couples. *7 This metabolic reaction produce too much reactive free radicals called reactive oxygen species (ROS). This process usually occurs in the mitochondria. Lipid peroxidation can lead to changes in the cell membrane fluidity and these alterations cause tissue damage. Fibrosis is the third stage of NAFLD. NASH develops to form fibrosis if it is not treated. Fibrosis occurs where chronicle inflammation in the liver results in the formation of fibrous scar tissue around hepatic cells and blood vessels. The liver still functions normally, because there is still enough healthy tissue. The forth and most severe stage of NAFLD is cirrhosis. During this stage lots of scar tissue develops. This causes the liver to shrink and change morphologically. The damage caused by cirrhosis is permanent and cannot be saved or reversed. The progression of cirrhosis is slow, but it ultimately causes the liver to stop functioning.*8 Treatment and prevention Basic therapy: you have to work out a strategic plan of the intake of calories and adjustment of diet constitution. Medium aerobic exercise and the changing of some life styles and behaviour. Weight reduction: The most important fact of weigh reduction is not the amount of weight loss but how the weight is lost. Losing weight rapidly may increase portal inflammation and fibrosis. A relatively safe goal is to lose about 1.6kg per week. Liver transplantation: For some patients liver transplantation is recommended. Metabolic states should be examined before the transplantation. A BMI >40kg lm2 is a contrain dication (Zeng, et al., 2008) Abstinence: This is a very important therapeutic intervention for patients that have ALD. Abstinence helps to decrease portal pressure and lower progression to cirrhosis.

Business Strategies Of Mc Donalds Marketing Essay

Business Strategies Of Mc Donalds Marketing Essay The main objective of a business strategy is to provide superior value, differentiation, and core competencies for a company that has clear missions, goals and objectives that are important and necessary to the strategic formulation of a company. The mission is a quality definition of who the company is and what it expects to accomplish, further defined by goals and objectives. Goals are directly linked with the mission and are general statements of desirable outcomes. Objectives are goals or purpose with specific targets and time periods. We will further discuss in detail of how these missions, goals and objectives are so important in the formulation of Business strategy. Strategic management The way in which employees are managed to maximize the potential of achieving business objectives is called Strategic Management. It has a very positive impact on a business and can significantly improve its growth only if Strategic management is effectively used. It is all about formulating strategies and the key to making it work for the business. McDonalds McDonalds is the leading global foodservice retailer with more than 31,000 local restaurants serving more than 58 million people in 118 countries each day. More than 75% of McDonalds restaurants worldwide are owned and operated by independent local men and women primarily selling the world some of its favorite foods World Famous Fries, Hamburgers (Big Mac, Quarter Pounder, etc), Chicken McNuggets, Egg McMuffin, milkshakes, hot drinks, desserts and most recently also offer salads and fruits. Their rich history began with our founder, Ray Kroc. The strong foundation that he built continues today with McDonalds vision and the commitment of our talented executives to keep the shine on McDonalds Arches for years to come. The History of McDonalds The McDonalds restaurant chain of today began its humble beginnings in a renovated barbecue car-hop restaurant in San Bernardino, California by two brothers, Richard and Maurice McDonald. Dick and Mac left their Manchester, New Hampshire home and headed to California for work after graduating from high school. Mac and Dick borrowed $5000.00 and opened a barbecue drive-in close to a high school in 1940. They hired attractive carhops and offered a menu of 29 items. Business boomed. Families came for the low prices and teens came to check out the carhops. By 1947, the restaurant was losing business. Families were getting more concerned about their finances and the teens seemed to be more interested in hanging out than in purchasing food. Dick and Mac took notice of these changes in clientele and noticed hamburgers made up 80% of all food sales. They decided to close the restaurant and reorganize. The restaurant was reopened in mid December of 1948 as the first self-service, assembly line, and drive-in offering 15 cent hamburgers, 19 cent cheeseburgers, 20 cent malts and 10 cent fries. By 1952 the business was booming. The brothers had purchased 8 mixers for their milkshake production and ordered two more. This purchase caught the attention of the owner of the Multi-mixer, Ray Kroc and changed the history of McDonalds. Ray noticed that this hamburger stand continued purchasing from him and he decided to go check it out. Ray was very impressed with the McDonald brothers self service concept and their booming business that now included a few franchises. He made a proposal to expand their business across the country with himself supplying the Multi-mixers. The brothers were not interested in becoming so large but did agree to give him exclusive rights to the McDonald system. Kroc opened his first franchise in Des Plaines, Chicago in 1955 and subsequently sold 18 more in the first year. He collected 1.9% of gross sales and turned in 0.5% of that to the McDonald brothers. He was barely breaking even in this arrangement, until he met Harry Sonnenborne, who encouraged him to lease or purchase the property for all future McDonald franchises. The operators would pay him either a monthly rent or percentage of their gross sales, whichever was greater. Kroc created a 75 page manual outlining the specifics of running a McDonalds to ensure all restaurants had the same cleanliness standards, the same amount of meat in each hamburger, the specifics for cutting and preparing French fries. The McDonald brothers resisted these changes and many arguments ensued. In 1960, Ray Kroc convinced Dick and Mac McDonald to sell the legal rights to him for 2.7 million dollars. At the time of this transaction, the chain had more than 200 restaurants. In 1990, after public outcry concerning cholesterol, McDonalds switched from beef tallow to pure vegetable oil in their french-fries. In 2006, McDonalds began a design Forever Young in all their restaurants using the traditional yellow and red colors and adding olive and sage, using more brick and wood with less plastic. With the vision of two brothers and the marketing strategy of one high school drop out, McDonald Corporation has grown to be the favorite fast food restaurant to millions of customers in more than 100 countries around the world. Business Goals, Objectives and Mission McDonalds S.M.A.R.T objectives Market share objectives Market share can be achieved within a specified period of time if objectives are set accurately Increasing profits objective is to increase profits or percentage of sales for a certain period of time. Survive Current/present hard times the business is in. Growth Business objectives may state growth by 15% year on year for the next 5 years ahead. Increasing brand awareness over a certain period of time. Mission Statement A mission statement is a brief and to point representation of a company or organizations purpose for existence. It is a formal document that states the objectives of a company or organization addressing concept like moral/ethical position of the company, public image, target market, etc. McDonalds Aims and Objectives Having great concerns bout the organizations customers. Being socially responsible for the companys welfare. Serving high standard and quality food with quick and outstanding service all along with great value for money. Maintain a good and friendly environment. McDonalds vision is to be the worlds best quick service restaurant experience. Being the best means providing outstanding quality, service, cleanliness, and value, so that we make every customer in every restaurant smile. McDonalds is known through out the world for their commitment to inclusion and diversity not only with their employees but with their franchises and suppliers. Core Objectives of McDonalds The core objective and mission of McDonalds is to be the worlds premier consumer product organization mainly focusing on convenient fast foods. They practice producing financial rewards to their investors hence providing opportunities for growth and enrichment for their employees, business partners and for the communities in which they operate. They strive for Honesty, Fairness and integrity in everything they do. McDonalds responsibility is to continually improve all aspects of the world in which they operate   environment, social, economic   creating a better tomorrow than today. Their main vision is put into action by a series of programs focusing on environmental stewardship, activities to benefit society and their commitment to building shareholder value by making McDonalds a truly sustainable company. Values and Principles of McDonalds. Core value is customer experience McDonalds is alive because of their customers and they demonstrate their appreciation by providing them with high quality products and services in a clean and welcoming environment, with great value for their money. Commitment to their people the key to their continuous success is them providing opportunity, nurture talent, developing leaders and reward achievement. Through their experience they believe that a team of well trained individuals with diverse backgrounds and experiences, working together in an environment that fosters respect and drives high levels of engagement. Believing in the McDonalds system their foundation is based on their business model depicted by the three-legged stool of owner/operators, suppliers and the employees and their balance of interest among the three group is key. Operation of business ethically At McDonalds, business is run to high standards of fairness, honesty and integrity, individually being accountable and collectively responsible. Giving back to their communities They help their customers build better communities, support Ronald McDonald House Charities, scope and resources to help make the world a better place. Growing the business profitably As McDonalds is a publicly traded company, they work continuously to provide sustained profitable growth for their shareholders. Continuously striving to improve Through constant evolution and innovation, McDonalds aims to anticipate and respond to changing customer, employee and system needs. Stakeholder Analysis It is a technique adopted by organizations, used to identify and assess the importance of key people, groups of people, or institutions that may significantly influence the success of their activities or projects. This technique can either be used alone or with team members involved. Significance of a Stakeholder Analysis.

A Comparison between Christopher Boone and Raymond Babbitt Essay

A Comparison between Christopher Boone and Raymond Babbitt Asperger ´s disorder is not a disease, but a developmental brain disorder. It is four times more prevalent in boys than in girls and it shows no racial, ethnic or social boundaries. Family income, lifestyle and educational levels do not affect the chance of Asperger ´s disorder's occurrence. According to Hans Asperger: It is important to know that the person with AS perceives the world differently. Therefore, many behaviours that seem odd are due to those neurological differences and not the result of intentional rudeness or bad behaviour. Both Christopher Boone, from the novel The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time, and Raymond Babbitt, from the movie Rainman, suffer from Asperger ´s disorder. They have several characteristics in common: they are both autistic savants with impaired social interaction, problems with verbal and non-verbal communication, and restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviour, interests and activities. Moreover, Christopher and Raymond are similar in that they are both autistic mathematical savants. According to the Wikipedia free dictionary: An autistic savant, historically described as an idiot savant, is a person with both autism and savant syndrome. Savant syndrome describes a person having a developmental or mental handicap of some sort with extraordinary mental abilities not found in most people. Christopher?s mathematical interests are reflected in his numbering his chapters strictly with prime numbers, ignoring composite numbers, such as 4 and 6. He is also the first student to take an A level in Maths and to get an A grade at his school. Christopher has a photographic memory and is extremely observant. Similarly, Raymond ... .... Like Christopher, he also tries to find a pattern which will enable him to make sense of his world. All in all, although there are some superficial differences between Christopher and Raymond, there are quite a number of important similarities. They share the lack of demonstrated empathy, encompass preoccupation with restricted patterns of interests and have an inflexible adherence to specific routines. Furthermore, they exhibit exceptional skills in Maths. From my point of view, most individuals with AS can learn to cope with their differences, but may continue to need moral support and encouragement to maintain an independent life. Researchers and people with AS have contributed to a shift in attitudes away from the notion that AS is a deviation from the norm that must be treated or cured, and towards the view that AS is a difference rather than a disability. A Comparison between Christopher Boone and Raymond Babbitt Essay A Comparison between Christopher Boone and Raymond Babbitt Asperger ´s disorder is not a disease, but a developmental brain disorder. It is four times more prevalent in boys than in girls and it shows no racial, ethnic or social boundaries. Family income, lifestyle and educational levels do not affect the chance of Asperger ´s disorder's occurrence. According to Hans Asperger: It is important to know that the person with AS perceives the world differently. Therefore, many behaviours that seem odd are due to those neurological differences and not the result of intentional rudeness or bad behaviour. Both Christopher Boone, from the novel The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time, and Raymond Babbitt, from the movie Rainman, suffer from Asperger ´s disorder. They have several characteristics in common: they are both autistic savants with impaired social interaction, problems with verbal and non-verbal communication, and restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviour, interests and activities. Moreover, Christopher and Raymond are similar in that they are both autistic mathematical savants. According to the Wikipedia free dictionary: An autistic savant, historically described as an idiot savant, is a person with both autism and savant syndrome. Savant syndrome describes a person having a developmental or mental handicap of some sort with extraordinary mental abilities not found in most people. Christopher?s mathematical interests are reflected in his numbering his chapters strictly with prime numbers, ignoring composite numbers, such as 4 and 6. He is also the first student to take an A level in Maths and to get an A grade at his school. Christopher has a photographic memory and is extremely observant. Similarly, Raymond ... .... Like Christopher, he also tries to find a pattern which will enable him to make sense of his world. All in all, although there are some superficial differences between Christopher and Raymond, there are quite a number of important similarities. They share the lack of demonstrated empathy, encompass preoccupation with restricted patterns of interests and have an inflexible adherence to specific routines. Furthermore, they exhibit exceptional skills in Maths. From my point of view, most individuals with AS can learn to cope with their differences, but may continue to need moral support and encouragement to maintain an independent life. Researchers and people with AS have contributed to a shift in attitudes away from the notion that AS is a deviation from the norm that must be treated or cured, and towards the view that AS is a difference rather than a disability.

Do not go gentle into that good night by Dylan Thomas :: Poetry

"Do not go gentle into that good night" by Dylan Thomas is a poem about death. Dylan Thomas wrote this poem during the last illness of his father's life. The author creates an image of death with the use of the sons pleading words asking his father to fight against the darkness that is taking over and leading him into the afterlife. Dylan Thomas meticulously creates an image of death through the use of cunning words and by giving each word a deeper significance than its literal connotation. The author uses the image of death in every paragraph of the poem. It is one of despair and gloom. Dylan Thomas uses the words "night (1.1)" and "dark (2.1)" to describe the certain outcome of the father. Thomas declares "Rage, rage against the dying of the light (1.3)" to generate the feeling that death is unpleasant therefore forming a grim image for the reader. The author also uses numerous literal undertones throughout the poem to produce a melancholy attitude in the reader. He speaks of "wise men (2.1)", "good men (3.1)", "wild men (4.1)" and "grave men (5.1)" all coming to their death without any hope of life continuing thus encouraging the guarantee that everyone will come to their end. The literary element of tone is also present in this poem. Thomas sets the tone by conveying his anger about death by using grim words coming together to create a poem only nineteen lines long. Thomas also repeats "Rage, rage against the dying of the light (1.3)" and "Do not go gentle into that good night (1.1)" several times, communicating a dreadful tone to the reader. By using these strategically placed words and phrases, he forms a word-repeating pattern that is often found in the tone of anger.

Blood Brothers :: Drama

Blood Brothers My practical work in September to December was for my acting option. It was a scripted piece of work based on the play Blood Brothers. There are various themes in Blood Brothers, a clash of class, romance, jealousy, and betrayal. My contribution to the performance was as a seven-year-old child. I played Edward. Edward is a very reserved character. He is well spoken and polite and is very surprised and shocked at many things Mickey (his friend) does. He comes from a wealthy background and so is used to having everything he needs. He enjoys helping other people out. When acting as Edward I needed to have a very good posture. Holding myself well, this showed a contrast between Edwards’s upper class and Mickey’s lower class. I also needed to speak well, pronouncing my words clearly. This again showed a clear contrast between Mickey and Edward’s class. To help me in my work I looked for information on the Internet and books I looked at pictures of young boys in the 1950’s, this helped me choose my costume. I also listened to the Blood Brothers sound track, and watched a professional performance of Blood Brothers at the Phoenix Theatre. I also read a play called Blue remembered Hills by Dennis Potter. The most useful material I looked at was the production of Blood Brothers at the Phoenix theatre. This is because it helped me with many things. To begin with I watched and listened to Edward very carefully. I took note of the way in which he moved and the facial expressions he used. I also listened very carefully to the pace at which he spoke and the tone of his voice. I could then use this to improve my personal performance. I also observed the costume Edward was wearing. This helped me to decide what I should wear for my performance. I am now going to contrast and compare Blood Brothers with Blue Remembered Hills; our piece was set in the 1950’s. However, the other play was set in 1943 during the Second World War. The plays were similar because they both started off with people very happy, playing and enjoying themselves. However as they continued both plays became more serious and in the end at least one person was killed in both. There also some differences. To begin with Blood Brothers is a cyclical play. This means it starts at the end, then goes to beginning then the end again. Blood Brothers also skipped large time gaps. The play showed scenes with the same characters as children teenagers and adults in the 1850’s 60;s 70’s and 80’s.

Women Employment in India

GENDER DISCRIMINATION (Women employment in China and India) Sunida Singh [email  protected] com 082 WE FORGET TO TAKE A PHOTO TOGETHER ^ ^ TABLE OF CONTENT Introduction3 Gender discrimination4 Global Women Employment6 Women Employment in China†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦11 Women Employment in India14 * Labor force trends & legislation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦15 * Management†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 16 * Changing Work Place†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦17 Successful case to promote women employment AVON China, the company for women†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 8 TATA India * About Tata Steel & Corporate Sustainability Services18 * Empowerment initiatives of Tata Steel help women to achieve feat19 * TATA Motors Grihini Udyog†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦20 Conclusion & Recommendation26 References27 Introduction This issue of the Gender Discrimination (Women employment in China and India) looks at the gender aspects of this impact, and updates indicators on the situation of women in labor markets. This report reconfirms that gender inequality remains an issue within labor markets globally. Women suffer multiple disadvantages in terms of access to labor markets, and often do not have the same level of freedom as men to choose to work. Gender differences in labor force participation rates and unemployment rates are a persistent feature of global labor markets. In 2008, an estimated 6. 3 per cent of the world’s female labor force was not working but looking for work, up from 6. 0 per cent in 2007, while the corresponding rate for males was 5. 9 per cent in 2008, up from 5. 5 per cent in 2007. Gender wage differentials may be due to a variety of factors, including crowding of women in low paying industries and differences in skills and work experience, but may also be the result of discrimination. Given the constraints women are facing, promoting gender equality and empowering women is not only an important goal of the Millennium Declaration in itself, it is also pivotal to achieving the new target on full and productive employment and decent work for all, and virtually all remaining goals and targets. This issue of Gender Discrimination (women employment in China and India) starts with an analysis of global women employment based on currently available information. Section two looks at the women employment in China and its impact. Followed sections are about women employment in India and its impact. Successful case to promote women employees. A final section concludes and highlights a number of policies to prevent gender discrimination. Gender discrimination Though gender discrimination and sexism refers to beliefs and attitudes in relation to the gender of a person, such beliefs and attitudes are of a social nature and do not, normally, carry any legal consequences. Sex discrimination, on the other hand, may have legal consequences. Though what constitutes sex discrimination varies between countries, the essence is that it is an adverse action taken by one person against another person that would not have occurred had the person been of another sex. Discrimination of that nature in certain enumerated circumstances is illegal in many countries. Currently, discrimination based on sex is defined as adverse action against another person, which would not have occurred had the person been of another sex. This is considered a form of prejudice and is illegal in certain enumerated circumstances in most countries. Sexual discrimination can arise in different contexts. For instance an employee may be discriminated against by being asked discriminatory questions during a job interview, or because an employer did not hire, promote or wrongfully terminated an employee based on their gender, or employers pay unequally based on gender. In an educational setting there could be claims that a student was excluded from an educational institution, program, opportunity, loan, student group, or scholarship due to their gender. In the housing setting there could be claims that a person was refused negotiations on seeking a house, contracting/leasing a house or getting a loan based on their gender. Another setting where there have been claims of gender discrimination is banking; for example if one is refused credit or is offered unequal loan terms based on one’s gender. Another setting where there is usually gender discrimination is when one is refused to extend their credit, refused approval of credit/loan process, and if there is a burden of unequal loan terms based on one’s gender. Socially, sexual differences have been used to justify different roles for men and women, in some cases giving rise to claims of primary and secondary roles. While there are alleged non-physical differences between men and women, major reviews of the academic literature on gender difference find only a tiny minority of characteristics where there are consistent psychological differences between men and women, and these relate directly to experiences grounded in biological difference. However, there are also some psychological differences in regard to how problems are dealt with and emotional perceptions and reactions which may relate to hormones and the successful characteristics of each gender during longstanding roles in past primitive lifestyles. Unfair discrimination usually follows the gender stereotyping held by a society. The United Nations had concluded that women often experience a â€Å"glass ceiling† and that there are no societies in which women enjoy the same opportunities as men. The term â€Å"glass ceiling† is used to describe a perceived barrier to advancement in employment based on discrimination, especially sex discrimination. In the United States in 1995, the Glass Ceiling Commission, a government-funded group, stated: â€Å"Over half of all Master’s degrees are now awarded to women, yet 95% of senior-level managers, of the top Fortune 1000 industrial and 500 service companies are men. Of them, 97% are white. † In its report, it recommended affirmative action, which is the consideration of an employee's gender and race in hiring and promotion decisions, as a means to end this form of discrimination. In 2008, women accounted for 51% of all workers in the high-paying management, professional, and related occupations. They outnumbered men in such occupations as public relations managers; financial managers; and human resource managers. The China's leading headhunter, Chinahr. com, reported in 2007 that the average salary for white-collar men was 44,000 yuan ($6,441), and compared with 28,700 yuan ($4,201) for women. The PwC research found that among FTSE 350 companies in the United Kingdom in 2002 almost 40% of senior management posts were occupied by women. When that research was repeated in 2007, the number of senior management posts held by women had fallen to 22%. Transgender individuals, both male to female and female to male, often experience problems which often lead to dismissals, underachievement, difficulty in finding a job, social isolation, and, occasionally, violent attacks against them. Nevertheless, the problem of gender discrimination does not stop at transgender individuals or with women. Men are often the victim in certain areas of employment as men begin to seek work in office and childcare settings traditionally perceived as â€Å"women's jobs†. One such situation seems to be evident in a recent case concerning alleged YMCA discrimination and a Federal Court Case in Texas The case actually involves alleged discrimination against both men and blacks in childcare, even when they pass the same strict background tests and other standards of employment. It is currently being contended in federal court, as of fall 2009, and sheds light on how a workplace dominated by a majority (women in this case) sometimes will seemingly â€Å"justify† whatever they wish to do, regardless of the law. This may be done as an effort at self-protection, to uphold traditional societal roles, or some other faulty, unethical or illegal prejudicial reasoning. Global Women Employment Gender inequality remains an issue within labor markets globally. Women suffer multiple disadvantages in terms of access to labor markets, and often do not have the same level of freedom as men to choose to work. Gender differences in labor force participation rates and unemployment rates are a persistent feature of global labor markets. In 2008, an estimated 6. per cent of the world’s female labor force was not working but looking for work, up from 6. 0 per cent in 2007, while the corresponding rate for males was 5. 9 per cent in 2008, up from 5. 5 per cent in 2007. Women also face constraints in terms of sectors of economic activity in which they would like to work and working conditions to which they aspire. Women are overrepresented in the agricultural sector, and if the more industrialized regions are excluded, almost half of female employment can be found in this sector alone. Women are also often in a disadvantaged position in terms of the share of vulnerable employment (i. . unpaid family workers and own-account workers) in total employment. These workers are most likely to be characterized by insecure employment, low earnings and low productivity. Those women who are able to secure the relative comfort of wage and salaried employment are often not receiving the same remuneration as their male counterparts. Gender wage differentials may be due to a variety of factors, including crowding of women in low paying industries and differences in skills and work experience, but may also be the result of discrimination. Given the constraints women are facing, promoting gender equality and empowering women is not only an important goal of the Millennium Declaration in itself,1 it is also pivotal to achieving the new target on full and productive employment and decent work for all, and virtually all remaining goals and targets. By the end of 2008, working poverty, vulnerable employment and unemployment were beginning to rise as the effects of the economic slowdown spread. With the deepening of the recession in 2009, the global jobs crisis is expected to worsen sharply. Furthermore, we can expect that for many of those who manage to keep a job, earnings and other conditions of employment will deteriorate. The impact of the crisis will be felt by both men and women, but not necessarily in the same manner. This report presents alternative scenarios for selected labor market indicators in 2008 and 2009 in order to illustrate the effect on gender differentials in labor markets on the basis of changes in the economic environment. January 2009, the IMF again revised the global economic outlook downward, following similar revisions in October and November of 2008. According to the new projections, global economic growth in 2009 will be only 0. 5 per cent. This is considerably lower than was expected in November 2008. The new estimate for global economic growth in 2008 is 3. 4 per cent, which is 0. 4 percentage points lower than the estimate produced in late 2008. As Figure 1 shows, global economic growth in 2008 was significantly below the rates seen in recent years, which resulted in a major weakening in a number of labor markets. After four consecutive years of decreases, the global unemployment rate increased from 5. 7 per cent in 2007 to 6. 0 per cent in 008. The ranks of the unemployed increased by 13. 8 million people between 2007 and 2008, which is the largest year-on-year increase in the period for which global estimates are available. The global number of unemployed in 2008 is estimated at 193 million. Figure 1 Global unemployment trends and economic growth, by sex, 1998-2008* *2008 are preliminary estimates Source: ILO, Trends Econom etric Models, January 2009. The unemployment rate for women was 6. 3 per cent in 2008, as compared to a rate of 5. 9 per cent for men. Between 2007 and 2008, the unemployment rate increased for both men (0. percentage points) and women (0. 3 percentage points), thus slightly reducing the gender gap in unemployment rates that has been seen in the past decade (Figure 1). In terms of numbers of unemployed, 112 million out of the total of 193 million are men, and 81 million are women. The gender gap in the unemployment rate is one indication of the gender inequality in global labor markets. Another important aspect of this inequality is the difference in access to labor markets, as labor market access has much to do with economic empowerment for women. Even though global male and female labor force participation rates show signs of conversion, the gap is narrowing at a very slow pace and it still amounted to almost 25 percentage points in 2008. Women made up 40. 5 per cent of the global labor force in 2008, up from 39. 9 per cent in 1998. Similar to labour force participation, there is a large gender gap in employment-to-population rates, and this gap is narrowing also very slowly. Globally, the employment-to-population rate for the female adult population increased by 1. 2 percentage points between 1998 and 2008, as opposed to a decrease by 1. percentage points for male adults. Regional differences in both levels and changes over time are shown in Figure 2. Figure 2 Adult employment-to-population ratios, by sex and region, 1998 and 2008* (%) *2008 are preliminary estimates Source: ILO, Trends Econometric Models, January 2009 The female adult employment-to-population rate increased in seven out of nine regions. The largest increase s can be seen in Latin America and the Caribbean, the Middle East and North Africa, but the rates remain well below 30 per cent for adult women in the latter two regions. Only East Asia and South-East Asia and the Pacific saw a decrease. In East Asia, however, the female adult employment-to-population rate is very high and the gender gap in employment-to-population rates is the smallest of all regions. In most regions, the male adult employment-to-population rate decreased between 1998 and 2008, North Africa and Central and South Eastern Europe (non-EU) & CIS being the exceptions. It is clear that, despite the progress made in many regions, far fewer women participate in labor markets than men. In developed economies, part of the gender gaps in participation and employment can be attributed to the fact that some women freely choose to stay at home and can afford not to enter the labor market. Yet in some developing regions of the world, remaining outside of the labor force is not a choice for the majority of women but an obligation; it is likely that women would opt to work in these regions if it became socially acceptable to do so. This of course does not mean that these women remain at home doing nothing; most are heavily engaged in household activities and unpaid family care responsibilities. Regardless, because most female household work continues to be classified as non-economic activity, the women who are thus occupied are classified as outside of the labor force. While it may not be correct to assume that all women want employment, it is safe to say that women want to be given the same freedom as men to choose to work and to earn a salary if they want to. This is unlikely to be the case. Both India and China, it’s not difficult to see more and more companies aware the gender issues and provide a lot of opportunities, as well as work position for female employees. Such as TATA in India and AVON in China. These two companies make remarkable contribution in reversing workplace prejudice against female. Women Employment in China As everybody knows, China is an ancient nation, the historical root strongly influence people’s mindset. Traditional Chinese are deeply affected by Buddhism; Taoism and Confucianism. Especially Confucianism is the real root of gender discrimination. In Confucius’s admonitory, he thinks women should stand behind the man, and never overcome their men. (B. C 551-479), almost two thousands four hundred more years, the gender unequally in born becomes an inveterate mindset. Subsequently, in 1949s, new China was founded, both male and female gain the equal human rights in law. A department called All-China Women’s Federation (ACWF) was founded at the same time. This organization is founded to protect women’s legal rights include the right to work. Mao Zedong said women hold up half the sky, anything a man can do, a woman can also do. (Mao Zedong, 1968), in practice, Chinese women start to participate in labor market. Chinese women are free from stay at home pattem; share the burden with their husbands to raise a family. But in many traditional family, they don’t allow female to work outside, they prefer women play a role of take care of babies, handle all housework, the less participate with outside world, the better virtues they has. All of these internal and external factors drag Chinese women’s step and keep them far away from work. Along with the socioeconomic development, more and more Chinese women in general become more independent, they desire for the equal human rights as well as man, therefore, they entered the labor market. We can see the female in the workplace is increasing year by year. Women employee plays an important role in both family and workplace. Although the women’s rights receive significant attention, and protected by laws and regulations, but we still observed the gender discrimination in the workplace from directly turn to indirectly discrimination. Over those years, more and more companies use indirect sex discrimination which is more implicit; latent; with recessive reason, and inconspicuous. Whatever sex discrimination happens to one person, when it’s spread out over ten billion working woman, it ends up divided by a large population and becomes unobservable. In the recent years, there are some unspoken rules in the workplace, such as not-marriage, not pregnancy and childbirth. Most of employers even those state-owned enterprises (SOEs), always say that they provide equal employment opportunity abide by law, but they use every kind of excuses to reject female while recruitment, they keep female workers outside the door. According to a survey report which announced by Chinese Women’s federation association, it indicate 90% plus female graduates felt they have suffered gender discrimination when they seeking the jobs. People might hard to believe gender discrimination this kind of negative word to match with famous international corporations, but in fact, 40% foreign companies has implicit gender discrimination in recruitment. Some of them are Fortune 500 companies. And some small companies, female candidate have asked some embarrassing questions via interview. Those questions are very personally and privately. For example, a female candidate was asked did she live with boyfriend. Otherwise, many private and small enterprises will ask a parol agreement about not wedding and family plan within three or even five years. One of the real story is about a female worker who working at a big company, after she has a baby, she was told due to the poor performance, company will not renew the contract with her. Another option is to â€Å"Change the work position†, this kind of change also called demote. Usually, this kind of employee will be talked in person and privately, if they are willing to hand their resignation, company not only pay what they should pay but also provide them a letter of recommendation for the future development. The way of sex discrimination becomes so sly. In this case, company didn’t against the legal regulation, also use the internal performance evaluation as an excuse, although the employee is unhappy with this, but consider about the economic benefits, most of them will have to compromise. We can see, there is a case of unequal fundamental human rights. By the end of Feb 2010, the female graduates’ employee rate is lower than male about 8. 5%. (MyCOS Research, 2010), and MyCOS also point out that the gap of employment rate can’t fully present the real situation of gender equity. Mostly, female employees have to accept the lower salary position or accept the work doesn’t match with their major at all to be employed compare with male at the same qualified level. The employment quality is absolutely low and they are unhappy with this. All of these are the results of gender discrimination. In China, most of women are working on education; medical treatment; research; marketing; advertising; catering; entertainment; service industry and manufacturing. Most of them work at the bottom level; just few female can work on board. Female usually will face gender discrimination while recruitment; payment and welfare; promotion; sexual harassment and retirement. This is the top five hot topic people argue with in China. This is the top five hot topic people argue with in China. In the recent year, high level educational female face a big problem, every four high educated candidates has one person was rejected just because of she is a women. The age of childbearing female who has not had a baby yet usually cannot get the job. When we talk about promotion, there are two main factors strongly effect female’s promote opportunity, there are house work and children care. More than 20% working women have suffered spicy jokes, they are around 18 to 35 years old; more than 40% companies do not have the regulation about sexual harassment issues, all sorts of sexual harassment impede female’s development. In China, male retire at 60 years old and female at 55 years old by law. On the other hand, we can say, this community asks female to start work later than male and retired before male. It means the welfare of retirement payment, is unfair. And the data we provided before does not cover the implicit discrimination part; it means the real world situation will be worse than what we observed. Nowadays, sex discrimination trend to indirect, but there is an insight that relevant regulations and laws had deterrent effects. Although it cannot prevent and solve the current problem effectively, but from direct discrimination to indirect discrimination; finally trend to eliminate sex discrimination in the workplace, this is an ongoing process. At least we can see it’s on the way. In the recent year, corresponding laws and regulations are highly concentrate on eliminate gender discrimination in the workplace. In the case of implicit discrimination, this usually occurred at recruitment process or probationary period. The revised labor law strictly provisions the limitation and requirement on employer terminate employment contract during these period. When women employees suffer implicit discrimination, they should not longer put up with it; it’s time to stand up with a strong voice. Women Employment in India Population * There are an estimated 1,173,108,018 people living in India, which makes it the second most populous country in the world, following China. * Women are 48. 1% of the population of India. * There is a gender gap at birth. For every 100 girls born, there are 112 boys born; this gap is even wider in some regions. Of all ages, the gender gap is 100 females for every 106 males. * India’s religions play a strong role in its culture and people, and the large majority of Indians are Hindu. Educational Achievement * Of those ages 15 and up, just 49. 6% of females were literate compared to 73. 6% of males. * Men dominate the numbers of those enrolled in higher educational deg rees. Enrollment of Higher Educational Students, by Gender Women in the Labour Force * India’s 2001 Census found that women were 31. 6% of all workers. * Women are an estimated 38. % of all economically active individuals. * Of women that work in the labor force, only 20% work in urban areas. * Women earn 66% of men’s salary for equal work. * 26. 2% of women compared to 9. 0% of men cited a lack of role models as a barrier to advancement. Labor Force Trends and Legislation * In an effort to recruit more women employees, some companies are offering 25% bonuses for female employee referrals. * India ranked towards the bottom of the 134 countries, with a ranking of 114, on the 2009 Global Gender Gap Index. * Women received 12 weeks paid maternity leave. The Factories Act of 1948 mandates that employers with 30 or more women employees must provide child care facilities for children under the age of six. * India has a young workforce and population. In the next ten years, d ue to a flood of younger people entering the workforce, and more women entering the workforce, India expects to add an additional 110 million people to its labour force. Management * Women are just 3% of legislative, management, and senior official positions. * Women in management in India face many challenges. Studies have found: -women have to work harder to prove themselves; men do not respect women bosses (and prefer to have them as subordinates as opposed to superiors); -women are excluded from informal networks. * According to one study of ten companies, women were: * 34. 1% of those at the junior level of the workplace, * 16. 2% of those at the middle level, * 8. 2% of those at the senior level. * Of 1,112 directorships on the Bombay Stock Exchange 100, just 59 (5. 3%) are held by women. 32 * Out of 323 total executive directorship positions (generally considered to be prerequisites to holding the CEO position) on the Bombay Stock Exchange 100, just eight (2. 5%) are held by women. 54% of companies on the Bombay Stock Exchange 100 have no women board directors. * Despite occupying small percentages of leadership positions, 97. 2% of women (compared to 95. 6% of men) aspire to jobs with increased responsibility. Changing Workplaces * As companies strive to retain valuable female talent, companies are attempting to implement programs to create more women-friendly workplaces. One study of IT companies examined work-life/woman-friendly programs. Some of the most common programs include: * Flexible work schedules/hours (68% of respondents) * Sexual harassment policies (68%) * Flexible leave policy (64%) Transportation policy (55%) * Health and wellness programs (50%) * Day care for children/parenting workshops (27%) * Women’s lounge/recreation (23%) * Women’s forum /networks (18%) * The Global Gender Gap Index is measured by the World Economic Forum. It ranked 130 countries in 2008 on the size of their gender gap between women and men in four a reas: economic participation and opportunity, educational attainment, political empowerment, and health and survival. Successful case to Promote women employment AVON China, the company for women AVON, one of the largest direct marketing company in the world; owned more han three billion consumers and five million employees worldwide. Over these years, AVON engages on help women to have their own career; to have the equal opportunity to work as man. AVON China also creates a lot of jobs for Chinese women. The mission of AVON is the company for women. This mission leads see women not only as consumer but also potential employees in the near future. The CEO of AVON is a Chinese female named Andrea Jung. She also ranked NO. 5 in the 50 most powerful women in business list (2010, Fortune Magazine), AVON have launch their business over 100 plus countries all over the world. You can easy to find its beauty store just about every city in China. AVON provides flexible home-based business for Chinese female who desire for work and life balancing. It encourages women to start up their own business with very little cost. Just as low initial cost as the price of a lipstick with unlimited earnings potentials. This is one of the benefits of becoming an AVON representative or a direct sells person. Most of AVON sellers are female, women knows what women wants! AVON China provides great opportunities to hire and promote female employment. TATA India, the company for women About Tata Steel & Corporate Sustainability Services Established in 1907, Tata Steel is the flagship company of Tata Group, the most respected business house in India and one of the top ten steel producers in the world. The Company was founded on the philosophy that society is not just another stakeholder in its business, but its prime purpose. As Tata Steel's operations have expanded to new geographies, the Company has retained a collective focus on the various areas of corporate social responsibility that impact the environment, people and their health, and society at large. In India, the Company is pledged to causes such as strengthening civic amenities in and around its sites, providing healthcare, education, training, employment and recreation, and preserving culture and heritage, especially of indigenous tribes. Tata Steel has expanded its reach from the city of Jamshedpur and its adjoining urban areas to over 800 villages in the Indian states of Jharkhand, Orissa and Chhattisgarh, touching the lives of hundreds of thousands of people. In 2008, Tata Steel India became the first integrated steel plant in the world, outside Japan, to be awarded the Deming Application Prize 2008 for excellence in Total Quality Management. Empowerment initiatives of Tata Steel help women to achieve feat Concerted efforts by Tata Steel have helped the women in Kalinganagar area to achieve a major millennium development goal of the United Nations pertaining to gender equality and empowerment. The steel major's initiative to organize village womenfolk through formation of women Self Help Groups (SHGs) and support for creation of alternate income-generating activities have helped them to attain this feat. In Kalinganagar, where Tata Steel is setting up a 6 million tonne integrated steel plant, 24 women self-help groups have been formed with 317 women as members. Out of them, 124 women are engaged in various income generating activities. The activities taken up by these women include poultry, mushroom farming , goat and sheep rearing , pickle making, Muduki and Badi making , stitching, Ethnic craft making, Phenyl and bleaching production and carrying on petty business. Apart from this, 23 women are also engaged in various community development works as teachers, community health facilitators, community organizers and SHG co-coordinators. Strengthening empowerment through various initiatives like Tejaswini programme, has paid rich dividend with significant increase in the number of women engaged in non-agricultural activities. It increased from only 5 in the pre-displacement period to 200 in 2010, which is very significant. Similarly, average annual income of the women members of the relocated families has reached Rs 24,600 compared to 2006 when they didn’t have any non-agricultural income. This exemplary achievement has also been maintained in maternal mortality and infant mortality rate. While it was targeted to reduce maternal mortality (by 3 quarters) and infant mortality (by two third) by the 2015, the same has been achieved well before the deadline. Due to 100% institutional delivery and regular medical checks-ups, the said target is pulled off. Apart from zero maternal mortality, 100 percent institutional delivery has also been ensured for these tribal women. Besides, zero infant mortality, 100 percent immunization of children has been attained due to the health initiatives taken by Tata Steel. This is considered as major achievements as infant mortality & maternal death was just a common phenomenon for poor tribals of Kalinganagar area. TATA Motors Grihini Udyog Began in 1973 with mere 7 hesitant women members, extremely limited cash in hand and very humble revenues. But under the able guidance of our visionary mentor Late Ms. Leelatai Moolgaokar, we stand tall with over 1000 women members (most of who are shareholders), 17 centres and over Rs. 79 million turnovers. Grihini Udyog is a collective enterprise which endeavours to empower the women relatives of Tata Motors employees. Philosophy TATA work ethics rest on the twin principle of ‘justness' and ‘ethical'. Justness is ensured through the inbuilt co-operative mode which ensures distribution of dividend in proportion of one’s skill set. It is also endured that the Society does not indulge in exploitation of anyone in any manner. Secondly, all labour rights within the ambit of ethical labor practices are secured to the individual members. They believe in ethical outsourcing of labour oriented process. During a span of 37 years, Tata Motors Grihini Udyog has gone through different phases, transforming itself from manufacturing household consumer products to intricate wiring and hi-tech Automotive Electronic Products. They work in 4 societies which are spread over 17 centres. These centres are distributed in and around Pune. 1. Tata Motors Grihini Shivankala Society – Stitches the uniforms and hand gloves for the company employees and supplies to Tata Motors. It now stitches 45 other items of sale including bags, purse etc. and sells it to a wide set of customers. 2. Tata Motors Grihini Cable Harness Society – Assembles the cable harness and supplies back to the company. 3. Tata Motors Grihini Electronics Society* – Assembles the electronic components used in a vehicle and supplies to the company. 4. Tata Motors Grihini Vividh Karyakari Society – Prepares spices, condiment and other eatable items. It has a wide customer base for its products which not only includes Tata Motors but other organizations in the vicinity. Tata Motors Grihini Electronics Society has achieved ISO 9001-2000 certificate on 13th October 2004. We achieved certificate of ISO 9001 – 2008 in December 2010. How they work? They work online on SAP enabled SRM system. Based on the quantum demand of the product and services, targets for each month is set and delivered as and when required by the customer. This has been achieved by strategic alliance between Tata Motors (through MASOP arrangement/process) Their Proud * Respected and reliable Vendor of Tata Motors * Assisting New Product Introduction (NPI) by providing wiring for prototype vehicles. * Coping with increase in production volumes. * Additional business relations with other companies like Motherson Sumi, Tata Power. Certificate for ISO 9001-2000 from BVQI(Bureau Veritas Quality International) * Our three employees have achieved the Gunvant Kamgar Award conferred by the Maharashtra government. New Horizons The new age women are far more educated and have come up with new and advanced skill sets which were not witnessed decades back. Their sustainability plan attempts to harness this potential. The chief mechanisms would be  œ 1. Linking of business unit with the rural population in order to scale up the quantum of goods produced especially that pertaining to Vividh Karyakari Society. . Enhancement of the membership base of the workforce through raising the inclusion bar of the traditional outsiders i. e. those who are not relatives of the Tata Motors employee. 3. To open up additional selling unit in order to scale up the sale. Currently, 20% of the revenue comes from sale to customers other than Tata Motors. This shall be raised. Beyond Business Besides regular business we celebrate the other dimension of life. Be it organizing blood donation camps or tree plantation. They also celebrate Women's day on 8th March with full enthusiasm. They organize Cultural Programmes on the Annual General Meeting. They make generous donations to the Sakal Relief Fund. They publish the Darpan Magazine and published Smrutigandha on 3rd August 2005 on the occasion of celebrating 25 years of the organization. Key Features * Society is for the women and totally managed by the women * Members work only for five hours in a day * Work centers located in residential areas of this city and its industrial area * Apart from share of profits through dividend women are also entitled * Monthly remuneration with statutory benefits is given to members. Tata Motors Grihini Vividh Karyakari Sahakari Audyogik Sanstha Maryadit Variety of namkins, sweets and many more. Tata Motors Grihini Shivankala Sahakari Audyogik Sanstha Maryadit Various types of cotton, terrycloth uniforms, cotton, hand gloves, caps. Also manufactured items like school bags, kitchen aprons. Tata Motors Grihini Electronics Sahakari Audyogik Sanstha Maryadit Products – Redio antina Flashers 12V & 24V, multifunction modules, digital clock, relay 12V & 24V . Tata Motors Grihini Cable Harness Sahakari Audyogik Sanstha Maryadit Assembly of various types of wiring harnesses that is Main cables, front to tail, roof & panel wiring for Tata Motors Safari, Sumo. Evolution YEAR| NO. OF CENTRES | NO. OF LADIES | TURNOVER IN Rs. MILLION | 1973 – 1974 | 1| 8| –| 1980-1981| 19| 712| 1. 33| 1986-1987| 21| 836| 2. 93| 1991-1992| 24| 1100| 7. 43| 1996-1997| 24| 1623| 20. 5| 2002-2003| 20| 1099| 31. 45| 2005-2006| 22| 1300| 52. 5| 2006-2007| 20| 1329| 57. 07| 2007-2008| 21| 1300| 61. 32| 2008-2009| 18| 1091| 60. 03| 2009-2010| 17| 1011| 79. 00| Growth * From 8 ladies, the organization has grown to more than 1000 ladies strong. Annual revenue of more than 7 crores from 4 lines of business (LOB). * LOB spreading across traditional businesses like masala and tailoring to the technologically advanced businesses of electronics and cable. * Entire activities independently managed by the members of Grihini. CONCLUSION Sex discrimination is a very serious socioeconomic problem which exists worldwide, not only in In dia and China but also other countries. How to eliminate discrimination in the workplace? Nobody find out the perfect solution yet. Under the global economic recession, the labor supply is much stronger than labor demand. This might narrow the room for eliminate gender discrimination in the workplace. We should careful avoid financial crisis makes gender discrimination become more reasonable in the workplace. To avoid cost from gender discrimination in the workplace, company can use strategies for prevention. There are a number of steps that company can take to reduce the risk of gender discrimination occurring in workplace. Although company may not be able to take all of the steps, but should take as many of them as you can. Adopt a clear gender discrimination policy. In company employee handbook, should have a policy devoted to gender discrimination. That policy should; define gender discrimination; state in no uncertain terms that you will not tolerate gender discrimination; state that company will discipline or fire any wrongdoers; set out a clear procedure for filing gender discrimination complaints; state that company will investigate fully any complaint that receive, and; state that company will not tolerate retaliation against anyone who complains about gender discrimination. The gender equity issues should always be involved into considerations. In order to protect the employment equal opportunity, we can not only reply on laws and regulations, need all corresponding parties to make contributions as well. REFERENCES ACWF, All-China Women’s Federation’s official website: http://www. acwf. com/ Australian Human Rights Commission, women in leadership, sex discrimination. 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