John F. Kennedy Jr. Essays - Kennedy Family, John F. Kennedy

John F. Kennedy Jr. John Fitzgerald Kennedy was the 35th president of the United States. He was the youngest president ever to be elected, the first Roman Catholic president, and the first president to be born in the 20th century. Although, he didn't get the chance to live out his term and possible another one, he impacted the entire world. No other president was so popular, especially with the young people. John F. Kennedy was born May 29th, 1917, child of Joseph P. and Rose Kennedy. John had eight brothers and sisters: Joseph P. Jr. (1915), Rosemary (1918), Kathleen (1920), Eunice (1921), Patricia (1924), Robert F. (1925), Jean (1928) and Edward M. (1932). All of the children were born in Brookline, Massachusetts. They were all very competitive due to their parents. The only thing that was important to them was winning. John grew up in the nineteen twenties and thirties at his birth place of Brookline, Massachusetts. John had once stated, life is unfair,1 yet for him the statement was definitely not true. His childhood consisted of many things. Coming from a wealthy family let him have the freedom to do what most kids couldn't. That still didn't keep him from behaving like other kids. He and his brothers and sisters all participated in things such as sailboat races, tennis matches, or even just a simple game of touch football. All family members were always encouraged to get involved with government issues. Small talk wasn't allowed at the Kennedy dinner table2. They discussed world and national issues. The impact of these discussions wouldn't be seen until later. Joseph and Rose were trying to prepare their sons for public life and prepare their daughters for marriages to distinguished young men. In 1937, the Kennedy family moved to Great Britain so that John's father could become the American ambassador there for three years. John stayed in the United States for an education at Harvard University. John was a very good student at Harvard, yet he didn't make the high grades that his brother had. So, John joined two clubs and spent most of his time working on a newspaper published at Harvard, Crimson3. When he had finished his school term his father decided to let him tour Europe. When he was there he started to become interested in wars and politics, after noticing Hitler's actions. John went back there the following summer and saw how Hitler never gave up and continued to strengthen his army. He knew of the war that was soon coming. The United States had sided with Great Britain, so he knew he would have to go into the war. So, he went to enter the Air Corps, but was turned away because of his back problems. Instead he went for the position on naval officer and passes the health analysis. He was assigned to the intelligence division, he thought it was very boring. Shortly after Pearl Harbor was attacked, John was sent for motor torpedo (PT boat) training4. Officer Kennedy soon became Lieutenant Kennedy. In Tulagi, John was assigned to a dirty old looking boat that had already been through nine months of combat. John experienced his first real combat when his boat was attacked by a Japanese fighter plane. Only two men were injured that time. They continued to stay there until one night when a full size Japanese ship came full speed at Kennedy's boat. The boat was demolished and the Japanese thought that all of the men had been killed. All of the men were forced to swim to Plum Pudding Island , three and one half miles away, with Kennedy leading them. After his triumph he was promoted to Full Lieutenant and was awarded the Navy and Marine Corps Medal for saving his crew. He also received a Purple Heart for the severe back injury he suffered from the collision. After that, he took command of another PT boat and took part in many more missions. For John one particularly bad thing happened in this war, his brother died. Which impacted his life so greatly. The family had expected his brother Joe to run for public office. Now that he was gone, John was now the eldest son and

Strategic Management The Case of Nike, Inc.

Strategic Management The Case of Nike, Inc. Introduction Nike Inc. is an international company based in the United States, which deals with sportswear and other apparels. The company is ranked as the top seller of sports shoe and clothing. Nike was started in 1964 by Bill Bowerman and was originally called Blue Ribbon Sports, but was later changed to Nike in 1978. During that time, its main goal was to produce low cost, high quality shoes for Americans to break Germans control over domestic trade (Nike, Inc., 2009).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Management: The Case of Nike, Inc. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Today, Nike not only distributes its products domestically, but also all around the globe. It has market regions in continents such as Asia, Europe, and United States. Besides, Nike has produced many brands such as Nike Skateboarding and Nike Pro. This paper focuses on the Nike Company and the strategic methods and tools that have led to it s superior performance. Products According to Peters (2009), Nike produces a wide range of products, which are categorized according to their relevant sports. Nike’s first products were track shoes, which were meant for running: the company has managed to design and produce shoes for different games such as baseball, hockey, football, basketball and Cricket. This is due to the ever-increasing number of customers favoring the company’s products. The latest product that has been produced is the Cricket shoe named as air zoom Yorker (Nike, Inc., 2009). Air Zoom Yorker is better because it is 30% lighter as compared to the one designed by Reebok. Another new product is air Jordan XX3, which is meant for basketball. Additionally, as a company that relies on collaborative marketing, Nike together with Apple Inc. has designed a product that is able to check runner’s performance through a radio device, which is placed inside the shoe and is connected with the iPod nano. Nike has also produced shoes that contain flywire and lunarlite foam meant to make the shoe lighter. The Nike+sports brand records the mileage, lost calories, and time used. According to Mintzberg, Ahlstrand, and Lampel (2005), product differentiation and market segmentation form the basis for strategic management in marketing. In this light, meeting customers’ demands has been the strategic objective in Nike’s plan. Marketing Environment and Success Strategy Dess and Alan (2006) affirm that the marketing strategy used by Nike is an essential element for its success. It has enticed its customers through advertising with a slogan ‘Just Do It’. Nike has also teamed up with athlete celebrities through sponsorship agreements. It has many elements of advertising such as advertising through television.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The first advert was created by Wieden and Kennedy at New York marathons. Similarly, Nike has also won Emmy Awards for commercial advert. The advert that won the award was based on what an athlete could face if there was Y2K realization on 1 January 2000. The second commercial advert was called ‘move’, which marked the famous athletes. In product promotions, Nike pays players to wear their products such as t-shirts, shoes and shorts in order to advertise them. Such players include Michael Jordan, and through him, the promotion has boosted Nike’s publicity and sales. It also sponsors many football clubs in Brazil, Netherlands and United States. Golf players like Tiger Woods and Michelle Wie have also benefited from the sponsorships. Nike also sponsors high school basketball and has developed websites for various sports such as nikerunning.com (Johnson Scholes, 2008). However, Nike has faced a tough competition in the market with companies such as Reebok and Adidas, which sell the same products as it does. Reebok has many female consumers, but has a weakness of poor marketing as compared to Nike. It does not always advertise its products on Televisions as compared to other Companies. Nike has tried to capture a big market share of female customers by sponsoring Women’s world cup football, which was held in 1999. Nike has used the five forces model of competition that determines the industry structure. This model has helped it to deal with external forces such as, new entrants in the market, alternative products or services, bargaining influence of suppliers and buyers and competition and enmity among other competitors (Berman Evans, 2006). Onkvisit and Shaw (2004) argues that the risk of new entrants has been a threat to Nike since there are other firms in the clothing and shoe industry that have a potential to produce sportswear shoes and clothes if given a choice. Entry of new entrants has affected the prices because Nike has lowered some o f its product costs. However, the threat has been minimized by government regulations and brand loyalty. Further, Nike avoids extreme rivalry among other competitors because it is a risk to profitability rates. Nike, Inc. considers the bargaining power of the buyers as a threat because strong buyers have the power to lower the products prices and hence raise costs. The buyers are capable of buying in huge quantities and therefore getting a lot of profit while the firm suffers loss (Lynch, 2006).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Management: The Case of Nike, Inc. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The company has balanced its products productions and costs to minimize the bargaining power of buyers. Nike has also been able to cope with the bargaining power of suppliers, which poses a threat because the suppliers have power to increase the prices on raw materials. Nike has reliable suppliers who inform the mana gement first upon the increase of costs of raw materials. Drivers to Superior Performance Nike has common drivers that produce superior performance. These drivers include people management, which entails realization of the potential of the employees either in groups or in an individual level. The company has come up with a strategy of upholding fairness among the employees, communication and caring for employees (Nike, Inc. 2009). Through communication, the company ensures that there is a flow of information between the top, middle and higher levels to ensure that every employee’s contribution is taken into consideration. Nike, Inc. also motivates the employees by giving them incentives and rewards to build commitment to promote the organization. People development enables employees to utilize their potentials and fully contribute to the organization’s goal realization. Rewards and recognitions motivate employees to give their best performance and strive to excel throu gh continuous improvement (Berman Evans, 2006). Furthermore, Nike has authorized the customer liaison manager to replace customer’s products in case of a complaint. The manager can make decisions without consulting the management. Johnson and Scholes (2008) assert that leadership is another driver to superior performance, and it entails transforming the organizations direction and instigating others to follow. Leadership is paramount in Nike’s strategic management. Leaders have a stake in realization of the vision, mission and objectives of an organization because they ensure that other employees follow the organizations values. Leadership is developed at top, middle and lower levels in the organization. Continuous improvement is another driver, which is activated by both customers and employees. In this case, there is feedback from the customers and from the employees and hence customer’s needs are met. Organizations’ processes are improved because cust omers provide their needs and the employees act and produce products according to customer’s specifications all the stakeholders gain improvement benefits (Joshi, 2005). Similarly, customer focus is a driver where a relationship with customers is an important issue. This entails assessing customer’s perceptions about products and acting on their response as soon as they raise an issue of concern about a product. Close relationships with customers benefits all the stakeholders involved. Nike has also employed process focus as a driver for performance improvement. The system performance has to meet the set objectives since it is a key technique (Nike, Inc., 2009).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another important driver to performance is collaborating with suppliers. This entails relationships between the organization and the suppliers (Lynch, 2006). Nike has recognized suppliers as key for the organization to achieve shared goals while also sharing expertise and knowledge. Improving on processes allows working with suppliers to share resources and improve performance. Nike applies various communication strategies within all its stakeholders to encourage openness and reliance. When communication flows through all the levels in the organization, it makes it easy for the employee’s ideas to be taken into consideration. Stimulating innovation and creativity is another driver that has supported Nike to build up competitive products and services. This has been achieved by modifying the organization structure and being involved with product improvement activities. Nike has also managed its assets and resources to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the organization . Protection of its properties maximizes customer’s value (Mark, 2000). Onkvisit and Shaw (2004) concurs that measuring performance and benchmarking is another driver that Nike uses for superior performance. By utilizing a balanced score card, it has been able to measure process improvements alongside with the organizations objectives. The company also monitors performance in other organizations and collect information from existing and future stakeholders. It uses the information to plan for the future, set targets to be achieved within a certain period, and get unique ideas on improvements from other organizations. Furthermore, Nike employs corporate social responsibility as a driver to superior performance as well as interacting with the society representative. A good example of this is boosting children’s games in the community by sponsoring their sports and provision of uniforms that has Nike’s logo (Nike, Inc., 2009). Strategic Management Tools Strategic m anagement is a technique that Nike, Inc. has been able to apply to determine how it is performing in its current position and how its future should be. This has greatly helped the managers to lay a plan for the organization and take it where they want it to be. The management employs strategic management components such as vision, environmental analysis, strategy creation, strategy implementation, and strategy assessment (Nike, Inc., 2009). Nike has set business plans through strategic management in order to assess its business areas. It is a process which managers build strategies to get better results in performance. This involves studying the competitors’ techniques, both in the current and future. The Company has utilized strategic management tools which have supported it to examine itself in the present and perceive how its future will be. Strategic management acts as a road map to show managers the best direction to follow for the organization to be where it is supposed to be (Lynch, 2006). The tools employed for strategic management include mission statement, SWOT analysis, SMART goals and benchmarking. Mission statements help to make clear how the organization is observed and how it will be perceived in the future. The organization reflects on how it will be different from other competitors like Reebok in the market place. SWOT analysis has been applied to find out the organizations strengths, weaknesses, prospects and risks. Berman and Evans (2006) affirm that this has supported the organization to take advantage of its strengths and reduce the impact of its weaknesses. SWOT analysis has assisted the management to consider other external factors such as new openings and risks to be avoided. SMART goals ensure that the goals and objectives laid down are specific, assessable, achievable, appropriate, and timely. SMART goals are essential for Nike’s management because they have enabled the company to get rid of frustrations due to unrealist ic goals. The management has been specific to establish whether the set goals have been met. Measuring enables the management team to gauge whether they are about to reach their goals and if not close to the goals, how much time and work is remaining in order to get there (Mintzberg, Ahlstrand, Lampel, 2005). Benchmarking is another tool that is employed to scrutinize and adapt to the best processes from other organizations around the globe. As explained earlier, managers have been able to improve the organizations performance to meet its goals and to be at the competitive edge over its competitors. Other techniques that have been used in project management include program evaluations; this helps the company to evaluate a project from start to end. This has supported the management to ascertain the time left to for the completion of the projects. Nike utilizes these projects and programs to reach its goals and achieve its objectives. The Company uses break even analysis technique t o decide on the number of products to sell to break even and grow to be profitable. Lynch (2006) says that game theory is applied in the market to conclude how the customers will react and it does this either through increase in prices or introduction of new products. Financial control techniques like budgets, audits, and financial breakdown are efficient in controlling and balancing the cost of business. Budgets are employed to manage the organizations income and expenditure as well as allocation of resources to different activities and projects. Marketing Strategy and International Markets Nike has many strategic management techniques organized in steps to achieve the laid down goals and objectives. First, environmental scanning is a process that the company employs to collect information from both internal and external environments that has power to influence the organization. This is meant for improving the processes through analyzing competitors, employees, products, and suppli ers (Mark, 2000). After analyzing the environment, strategy formulation is the next step where Nike management takes the best plan among many to accomplish organizational goals and objectives. Through this stage the managers set strategies for business and functional policies. Strategy implementation is taking the best plan and implementing it (Berman Evans, 2006). Organization structure is devised in this step together with the allocation of resources, hiring of human resource and coming up with a clear decision making process. Strategy evaluation is the last step where the strategy implemented is assessed to determine whether it is performing well and if it has deviated, and that the best corrective actions are taken. The purpose for the evaluation is to make sure that that the organization goals are met. In light of this, Nike has been on the global market and has gained competitive advantage on the market. Its marketing managers keep on analyzing the global industries and how c ompetition keeps changing. Trade is increasingly becoming global because of improvement in transport and communication. Nike’s consumers have been able to have access to a wide range of products in their countries. Nike started exporting its products in small amounts, but later increased and reached the export stage. It got more and more foreign orders until it was able to export its products all over the world (Nike, Inc., 2009). Nike has stayed at international market for a long time and it applies many techniques such as adding new brands. Nike keeps on adding new products such as sports shoe and clothes. The information about the new product is posted on the website (nike.com) where consumers can read. Joshi (2005) asserts that through advertising of the new product, Nike gains an increase in sales because this has brought in new customers who have never bought the current products. The existing customers have had a variety of the products to choose. Nike combines the new brand and the old ones into an exceptional package as an offer. Nike has also become a valuable resource to its customers by giving them free information about the products. They have assisted their customers to easily get services, fast deliveries, and at low costs. The company is unique since it produces exclusive and best quality products. They have also promoted the end result of products by telling the consumers about the benefits they will get when they choose to use the products. Nike keeps on changing its marketing strategies due to other aggressive and innovative rivals like Puma, Reebok, and Adidas (Peters, 2009). Competitive Advantage and Value Creation Nike’s brands have turn out to be to be very strong as compared to others such as Reebok and Puma. Their secret is brand management because despite selling their products at a higher price, consumers are still willing to pay more money for its brands which are believed to be of high quality with different styles. D ue to the strong brand competitive advantage, Nike has been able to increase its market share all over the globe. Its prices are a bit high as compared to other competitors but it has made many sales than those of its competitors. Nike, Inc. has gained a competitive advantage over its rivals. This is achieved through giving consumers a greater value and offering high quality products. The company has devised superior value over other competitors. Nike, Inc. uses Michael Porters strategies for competitive advantage such as cost leadership, focus, and differentiation (Johnson Scholes, 2008). The reason why Nike, Inc. has gained a competitive advantage over other companies is that it undertakes an evaluation process, which involves evaluation of resources, clarification of goals, defining customers and examining competitors. In evaluation of resources, the company relies on the resources available and plans on how to use them through product offering and resources. In goals clarificat ion, Nike plans on how to achieve its goals and objectives. Defining customer’s strategy entails looking at the products and services that the plans to develop, and is not provided by the other competitors. This assists Nike, Inc. to determine and communicate to its customers in order to understand their needs and get additional suggestions from them. Examination of competitors helps to identify other ventures targeting a particular market. Through this, Nike compares its strengths and weaknesses with the other competitors (Nike, Inc., 2009). In this regard, there are many techniques used to achieve a competitive advantage. These techniques include product differentiation, service differentiation, people differentiation, image differentiation, quality differentiation, and innovation differentiation (Lynch, 2006). Product differentiation implies that Nike has a wide range of products. Other competitors have tried to imitate its products but it remains upfront due to its qualit y and the products are different in styles and consistency. Peters (2009) argues that in service differentiation, Nike, Inc. offers additional services such as delivery and product return services. This extra service is the one that consumers are after. Information and other instructions about the products are also extra services that attract customers. People differentiation entails hiring result oriented employees who are better than those in other rival companies. Because employees are intangibles, it is difficult to imitate them as in the case of tangibles. Training employees and paying attention to their needs gives Nike Inc. a competitive advantage. Employees such as production staff produce quality products, and it is hard for the competitor to know that the competitive advantage is due to employees’ improvement. The competitor may think that the competitive advantage is due to equipments and materials. People differentiation is essential when customers are directly se rved by the employees. The way employees handle a customer at first time determines whether he will return another time (Berman Evans, 2006). Image differentiation is another technique that has been applied by Nike to differentiate its brand image from other competitors. A negative image can destroy the company’s image within a short time. As Nike undertakes many activities, it supports its image because the â€Å"Nike† mark symbolizes good, and it is easy to identify. In quality differentiation, Nike sells high quality products to its customers. Innovation differentiation entails process innovation. Process innovations reduce the costs of production and the competitors may take time to discover what the company is doing to gain competitive advantage (Nike, Inc., 2009). Nike strives to sustain its competitive advantage because it is not long lasting. This sustainability is achieved through giving value to customers, creation of non-imitable products, which may not be copied by its rivals, and production of products that cannot customers cannot substitute easily. In selecting a competitive advantage, Nike, Inc. selects ways of making products that competitors cannot imitate easily because the management understands what its customers needs are. The company has realized that variety is totally different from differentiation. Nike has strived to stay at the competitive edge because of its efforts and strategies. It has faced many challenges since other competitors have tried to copy it through successful advantages for their business in the dynamic market place. Thus, establishing the market edge is important as well as maintaining it (Mark, 2000). There are many ways that Nike has attracted its customers for value creation. Customer incentive programs are one of the successful programs within the organisation (Nike, Inc., 2009). Nike offers give away to customers, tickets, sales, sponsorships and discounts. Nike sponsors many players in different sports. Such players who have benefited from sponsorships include; James Blake and Roger Federer. It also sponsored Indian cricket team for a period of five years and national soccer clubs in countries like India, Netherlands and Malaysia. Top golfers like Tiger woods and Lucas Glover has also benefited from Nike’s sponsorships. Moreover, Nike has retained both traditional and non-traditional methods of distribution in over 100 companies, but it focuses more on its primary market regions. Apart from product diversification, Nike has diversified supply chain and manufacturing due to international economic crises and other risks. It has many contracted suppliers outside the United States, including Vietnam and Thailand. There are other contractors who manufacture its products in over 35 countries. In the year 2003, China manufactured 38%, Indonesia 27%, Vietnam 18% and Thailand 16%, while the rest was manufactured by other countries. This has enabled Nike to make large amount o f sales. Supplier diversity has also increased its competitiveness in the market and it continues to contract more suppliers in many countries because it believes that supplier relationship is vital. Nike Inc has also employed value creation as a management goal. Creating value for consumers has increased sales as well as the shareholders through the increase in stock price. Value creation is characterized by brands, people and innovation (Mintzberg, Ahlstrand, Lampel, 2005). Nike, Inc. has prioritized value creation in its decision-making. This has helped the managers to know where and how to build the companies capability to attain profitable and lasting growth. Mark (2000) agrees that through value creation, the company has been able to understand the basis and drivers of value creation in the business and market place. They have realized that the consumers value high quality and timely delivery of products and so the processes that lead to the delivery of high quality products are greatly valued. Some of the customers have valued innovation and so the processes involved in creation of new products are also highly valued. Value creation also entails product and process innovation as well as knowing the consumers needs. Nike, Inc. has also realized that value for employees is essential since they feel motivated and work hard to produce better results. Therefore, proper treatment of the employees and involving them in decision-making creates value. Nike has awarded and promoted managers who have defeated the other competitors like Puma in value creation. In this case the managers have positioned capital better than the other competitors. Nike has gained an advantage in developing the organizations ability to get more profits and future growth. Other companies that have achieved the benefits of value creation are Coca-Cola and the Lloyds banks. These companies applied value creation as a technique and have realized growth and increase in their profitability. In acquisitions, Nike has acquired Upscale Footwear Company, surf apparel company, Hurley international and converse Inc. It has sold some of its subsidiaries such as Bauer Hockey and Starter (Nike, Inc., 2009). Conclusion Nike, Inc. has achieved its superior performance, mostly through competitive positioning and value creation. This has been achieved through advertising, brand name recognition, product innovation, and striving to be at the competitive edge despite having a stiff competition. Nike employs many strategies and techniques such as strategic management tools and models, product differentiation, and proper distribution channels. Many consumers have realized the uniqueness of their products and recognize them through the trade name ‘Just Do it’ and Swoosh Logo. They have maintained customers because of their high quality products and unique marketing strategies. References Berman, B. and Evans, J. (2006), Retail Management, A strategic Approach, London: Prent ice Hall. Dess, G. L. and Alan, B. E. (2006), Strategic Management: Text and Cases. Boston: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Johnson, G. and Scholes, K, (2008), Exploring Corporate Strategy, (8th edn), London: Prentice Hall. Joshi, R. M. (2005), International Marketing, New York: Oxford University Press Lynch, R. (2006), Corporate Strategy, (4th edn) London: Prentice Hall. Mark, M. H. (2000), Creating Public Value: Strategic Management in Government, Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Mintzberg, H., Ahlstrand, B. and Lampel, J. (2005), Strategy Safari: A Guided Tour Through the Wilds of Strategic Management, London: Prentice Hall 11. Nike, Inc. (2009), Annual Report on Form 10-K, [pdf]. Available at: http://media.corporate-ir.net/media_files/irol/10/100529/AnnualReport/nike-sh09-rev2/docs/Nike_2009_10-K.pdf . Onkvisit, S. and Shaw, J. (2004), Process International Marketing. International Marketing: analysis and strategy, (4th edn), OH: South-Western College Publishing. Peters, J.W. (2009), The Birth of Just Do It and Other Magic Words. August 19. The New York Times.

Georgia Tech's motto is Progress and Service. What does that mean to Essay

Georgia Tech's motto is Progress and Service. What does that mean to you - Essay Example My love for cars, which begun ever since I was a child influenced my decision to work in a motor workplace. I progressed well in my assigned areas as a BMW technician. My duties included routine maintenance and assessment of problems that vehicles brought for repair had. Good communication skills were essential to great service. I gained vast experience, which I believe prepared me sufficiently to study mechanic engineering. I once volunteered for a community service at Habitat for Humanity that operates as a non-profit organization. I also volunteered at Chattanoga Area Food Bank, where I repackaged donated food for use at food pantries. I completed coursework in web programming and ESL, which further demonstrates my academic progress. I received several awards including poetry, CMML, and skier award. My academic progress has been excellent as displayed by my transcripts. Co-curricular activities that I have engaged in include robotics, tennis, and tech club. Therefore, based on the aforementioned progress and services discharged, I believe I will be of value to Georgia Tech in realizing its vision (Georgia Tech,

Parents Involvement in Childrens Education Essay

Parents Involvement in Childrens Education - Essay Example This essay stresses that a child’s first three years is the basis for his/her cognitive growth and this is why the family part in these years of development is crucial. The family setting in which a child grows influences his/her activities, observations, communication skills, conducts and motives, which are indeed the key elements in shaping the child’s literary experiences. On this perspective, it is evident that families are the main context of learning for the children and a supportive environment will make a positive difference, particularly in their educational success. This paper makes a conclusion that children who are nurtured well in their family environment tend to be better competent in their social and educational spheres even in the later stages of life. However, differences in these settings will contribute to variations in patterns of learning among the children. This is why children brought up at different levels of families tend to act differently, in accord to the way in which they were raised. Thus, family environment is the main context of learning for the children as it will boost up their educational attainment to a greater level, when nurtured in the right way. The relationship between the parental aspirations and the children’s educational outcomes is complex as it is interrelated with various other social, economic and psychological aspects. It is evident from various researches that the expectations of the parents tend to impact the achievement of the children to a considerable level. Parents who have higher expectations on their children tend to involve more in their learning activities, which would

Implied and Express terms (contract) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Implied and Express terms (contract) - Essay Example In such situations the concept of what are implied terms comes into the picture. Implied terms could be a condition, a warranty or an innominate term and it’s on only by knowing the effect of each, that we could determine the distinction of one from the other. The court, in the case of Hong Kong Fir v Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha [1962] 2 QB 26, had the chance to make a distinction among a condition, warranty and an innominate term. In said case, the following definitions were settled: When a condition is breached the injured party has the right to sue for damages and also to terminate the contract. A breach of warranty only gives rise to the right to sue for damages. When an innominate term is breached the legal consequences of the breach depend upon its factual consequences i.e. there is a right to terminate the contract, in addition to suing for damages, only if the breach of an innominate term is such as to deprive the injured party of substantially all the benefit which he was intended to derive from the contract. If a term is subject to different interpretation then there is flexibility otherwise there is certainty. As to how it creates a tension is on the consequence of different interpretations. A party to a contract, for example, believes a term to be condition but when the court will interpret otherwise, it will really create a tension as to him because that would be depriving him the right to terminate the contract. a or exanmplke iif one entitles meFF Since in innominate terms there could be either the right to sue for damages or both the said right and right to terminate the contract, then a tension could also be created by the uncertainty of flexibility of the decision depending on how the courts appreciates the facts of the cases and surrounding circumstances and how it will apply the rule on implied terms. As to why, the court said: ‘Terms implied in fact are

International News Coverage of Developing Countries

International News Coverage of Developing Countries International news coverage of the developing world has seen a steady decline over recent years which has recently been reversed due to intervention in developing countries by western governments. The primary example of this has been the Iraq conflict. The medias focus tends to cover traditional realist issues such as the relations between states. Many of the important political and social issues in developing countries do not concern these inter-state relationships and are therefore overlooked. Diplomacy and intervention by western governments in developing countries fits this realist agenda and accounts for the upsurge in interest in developing countries, particularly in Iraq. In contrast, many of the most important issues to developing countries such as poverty, hunger and civil war are marginalised in international news coverage. They exist outside of the traditional realist conception of inter-state relations and do not concern western governments, companies, readers and audienc es directly. They also reflect the inequality of a global capitalist system which keeps the developing world in its unequal position to ensure the prosperity of the developed world. The media is naturally wary about pointing out the horrendous ramifications of this inequality to its readers and viewers. Research conducted by VSO, an organisation which works with many international development charities does not believe that developing countries get the international news coverage they deserve. Its website claims that factual coverage of the developing world is at the lowest level ever recorded It claims that in 2004 BBC1 and ITV1 showed less than twenty hours of factual programming which was filmed in developing countries. It went on to note that international news coverage of all media types was failing to comply with the Communications Act, passed by Parliament in 2003, which required that adequate space be given to international news coverage. Another study by ibt.org suggests that the amount of news stories covering the developing world increased and decreased across most news organisations at the same rates. This led them to the conclusion that news events, rather than editorial policies, primarily determine the amount of foreign news coverage They continued this theme by noting that an increase in news coverage of the developing world after 2003 could be explained by the Iraq conflict and the interest shown in it by the western media. Opinion is therefore divided about the significance of the figures involved in international news coverage of the developing world. The issue is not just about the amount of time and space given to the developing world. The nature of the coverage is also important. The ibt.org study pointed out the significance of the Iraq conflict in increasing news coverage of the developing world. However, this conflict involves governments, troops and companies from the developed world and could be seen as interesting the western media for this reason. The medias interest in the developing world is so high because it temporarily ties in with governments, people and issues which are normally the primary concern of the international media. This questions the nature of events in the developing world which are deemed worthy of attention by the western media. International news coverage can be seen as reporting issues which cover the main concerns of the countries and societies which produce them. Traditional realist international relations theory holds that the primary actors in the international system are states. Relations between states are the most interesting and most significant areas of analysis, and the history of international relations is the history of relations between states. Steven Lamy points out the importance of the structure of the international system and its role as the primary determinant of state behaviour. War and diplomacy (which in the developed world has now largely replaced war) are seen as the most important elements of international relations. News coverage of international issues follows this pattern and focuses on the developing relationships between states. However, many political relations within developing countries do not necessarily follow this realist way of thinking. Many of the important issues within developing countries do not concern relations between states. According to liberal international relations theory, developing countries are beset with issues that do not concern inter-state relations. Poverty, disease, hunger and civil war beset many developing countries and have little to do with relations between states. Developing countries do not have the same history of state relations as developed countries and the issues which concern them and which may be worthy of international news coverage are on a smaller, longer-term scale than the inter-state relations of the developed world. They often do not fit into the perceived pattern of international relations which the western media is primarily concerned with. This fits in with the case of increased media interest in the Iraq conflict. Diplomacy and inter-state war are involved and fit the realist agenda of what is significant in the realm of international relations. The issues at stake concern an international order which developed governments have a clear interest in. The conflict touches the lives of the readers and audiences of the western media, either through the success or failure of their governments, the price of their oil and petrol, or the lives of loved ones fighting or working in Iraq. In contrast the horrendous devastation which the conflict has cause to the Iraqi people is not the main issue reported by the media. International news coverage reports on the developing world but not about it. Its primary concern is the realist actions of developed states and those working for those states. In contrast to the media coverage of a conflict involving developed states in a developing country many of the biggest concerns of developing countries remain unaddressed by the western media. The many civil wars which blight African countries receive little media attention because they do not involve inter-state conflict and because they involve protracted disputes over objectives which do not fit realist principles. Poverty and hunger, some of the biggest issues affecting developing countries do not make for intensive media coverage except in extreme cases. This is partly because they are such an overwhelming part of everyday life in so many parts of the developing world. Caroline Thomas notes how a billion people in the developing world face hunger on a daily basis but the western media has tended to direct attention away from the ever-present unvoiced crises that hunger and poverty represent(and) the focus has been on soft travel and wildlife issues. Recent news coverage on the crisis of poverty in the developing world has focused on diplomacy between western governments. This again reflects the realist tendency to see issues in terms of state relations. The grim reality of how these issues concern the lives of ordinary people in the developing world is overlooked. The political consequences of this poverty are seen in terms of relations between developed governments instead of an analysis of domestic politics in developing countries. This lack of focus on the everyday problems faced by many people in the developing world can also be explained from a Marxist perspective. The developing world is seen as being held in its unequal position by the global capitalist system which works in favour of the developed world. Michael Rush notes that underdevelopment is not a stage on the road to a capitalist society, but a condition or symptom of capitalist domination. Our prosperity is ensured by the poverty of others. From this point of vie w everyone in the developed world is partly responsible for the unequal relationship between the developed and developing worlds. Western readers and viewers may wish to help out particular crises in the developing world with charitable donations but suffer a kind of compassion fatigue (and even guilt) if they are exposed to prolonged exposure to the everyday horrors that many people in the developing world face. In conclusion, the amount of international news coverage of the developing world tends to vary according to events. The media focuses on inter-state diplomacy and conflict, particularly when developed governments and armies are involved. This is well shown in the case of western governments involvement in the Iraq war and the interest shown in it by the western media. In contrast many of the issues which really matter in the developing world such as poverty, disease and civil war go largely unreported in international news coverage. These issues do not fit in with the dominant realist conception of international relations as interactions between states. On top of this these crucial issues can be seen as being caused by the unequal relationship between the developing and developed worlds inherent in the global capitalist system. The developing world deserves, and indeed needs to have these issues addressed if they are to be resolved.

Successful and Unsuccessful Spin Doctoring Case in Public Relations Ess

This essay focuses on how spin doctoring became a phenomenon among public relations, journalists, politician and even a massive campaign. This essay considers the tool used by the spin doctoring team to engage and steer public opinion. Spin team must have a strategy in using each tool and we will discuss how this strategy affected how well the result will be. Overall, this essay has been written to show two spin teams use different spin tools in order to change public’s perspectives. The brief explanation shows how well the strategy they use to the success of the campaign and how it can be unsuccessful. The mainstream model of liberal journalism believes that it’s practices result in stories that are an accurate reflection of reality, journalist believe they simply hold a mirror up to society (Louw, 2010). In constructing a story, spin team must have an insight on how the society believe nowadays, and it’s not only to just follow that believe, but give society an option to consider another belief. Therefore the spin team need to understand their audience first, what is the best tool they can use as a strategy, how to talk with those audience, generate comprehensive media knowledge and the ability to spin current perspective. The public relations / spin industry is geared to planting stories in the media by using journalists to disseminate stories serving the spin doctors agenda (Louw, 2010). Nowadays, in developing a campaign, the role of spin team is very powerful. It’s not about how well the messages received to the public or remembered but becoming a share worthy and meaningful messages that shows empathy as well as emotionally attached with everyone. The Dove â€Å"real beauty† campaign shows a successful role of spin team, the... ...cians and Creating Celebrity. The media and political process (2 ed., p. 126). London: SAGE. Louw, P. E. (2010). Spin Doctoring: The Art of Public Relations. The media and political process (2ed., p. 81). London: SAGE. Stampler, L. (2013, May 23). How Dove's 'Real Beauty Sketches' Became The Most Viral Video Ad Of All Time | Business Insider. Retrieved April 25, 2014, from http://www.businessinsider.com.au/how-doves-real-beauty-sketches-became-the-most-viral-ad-video-of-all-time-2013-5 Tempo (2014, January 20). 7 Ekspresi Sewot Ani SBY di Instagram | -nasional- | Tempo.co. Retrieved April 25, 2014, from http://www.tempo.co/read/news/2014/01/20/078546694/7-Ekspresi-Sewot-Ani-SBY-di-Instagram The Dove ® Campaign for Real Beauty. (n.d.). The Dove ® Campaign for Real Beauty. Retrieved April 25, 2014, from http://www.dove.us/Social-Mission/campaign-for-real-beauty.aspx

Business Model Canvas Critical Reflection

Critical Reflection Paper â€Å"Business Model Canvas† Ing. Maria Paula Helo Intercultural Management and International Negotiation Professor: Ricardo Altimira Madrid, Spain September 20th 2012 â€Å"A business model (BM) describes the rationale of how an organization creates, delivers and captures value†. Considering a BM is part of an organization’s strategy, the previous statement invites to the importance of having a model that is accurate and precise, yet easy to follow and develop.In other words, a model that uses a common language that works for every type of company regardless of its sector, antiquity or nature (public or private). This is precisely the objective of the Business Model Canvas (BMC). Using the main pillars upon which a company is based, this tool helps to organize and follow your individual/group thoughts as entrepreneurs, giving room for feedback and improvement in order to guarantee a success/innovation.Using principles of the BMC, this r eflection will relate its application to my career/professional goals, and also for the ETP’s. As an engineer, I’ve worked in consulting for medium size and large companies; nonetheless, my goal is to start a consulting company in Colombia. What better way to ideate it, than with a model that has proved to be successful for companies like Ericsson, Deloitte, McKinsey, etc.?. It is important to gather a group of partners with diverse perspectives to brainstorm using the canvas, and develop business model prototypes.This DT exercise along with a model that clearly defines the building blocks that the company should conceive, will allow me to set a solid foundation for my project. This is important, for there are multiple engineering-consulting firms, making the innovation process mandatory to add value to the company and be successful. I believe ETP’s should be conceived as companies that need to apply a BM in general; particularly, the BMC is a straightforward wa y for it. It has been successful for public entities and projects like the Public Works and Government Services of Canada.Tom Graves proposes to modify the labels that the model defines, not only directing it to a monetary success but adding different value, depending on the purpose of the ETP to reach its goals, attract stakeholders and generate sustainable projects and sectors. To conclude, I believe the BMC clearly condenses the principles of BM’s and strategy. By adapting it to an appropriate environment depending on the type of organization, it’s possible to apply it to entrepreneur projects like a consulting company or a technology platform for an entire country. ——————————————- [ 1 ]. OSTERWALDER. Alexander, PIGNEUR. Yves. Business model generation. 2009. [ 2 ]. OSTERWALDER, Alexander. Business Model Innovation Matters. Extracted from: http://www. slideshare. net/Al ex. Osterwalder/business-model-innovation-matter. Consulted: 20/09/2012 [ 3 ]. DT: Design Thinking [ 4 ]. Graves, Tom. Using Business Model Canvas for non profits. Tetradian (Blog). 2011. Extracted from: http://weblog. tetradian. com/2011/07/16/bmcanvas-for-nonprofits/. Consulted: 20/09/2012.

Bandwidth Adaptation And Synchronization Multimedia Streaming System Information Technology Essay Essay Example

Bandwidth Adaptation And Synchronization Multimedia Streaming System Information Technology Essay Essay Example Bandwidth Adaptation And Synchronization Multimedia Streaming System Information Technology Essay Essay Bandwidth Adaptation And Synchronization Multimedia Streaming System Information Technology Essay Essay To make diverse multimedia content on complex webs, end user demands to do usage of any multimedia connected device. In this modern and ubiquitous multimedia age, consumer can utilize any calculating multimedia device nowadays in the distinguishable composite interconnected webs. In diverse or heterogenous webs, in conformity with bing bandwidth ( clip dependent ) , layered cyclosis of audio ocular content should be able to pull off appropriate show and content of audiovisual spot watercourses. To vie with these issues, both scalable audiovisual cryptography in analogue with audiovisual streaming method is required. For the feature of scalable audiovisual cryptography, assorted superior methods of audiovisual version was projected to give joint scalabilities of perceptual traits, i.e. , Scalable picture coding demands Fine farinaceous scalability and scalable sound coding demands bit-sliced arithmetic cryptography ( BSAC ) . Besides this, the advantage of scalable audiovisual cryptography is that an encoder can compact audiovisual informations with the superior quality at one time, and a decipherer can reconstruct informations from fractional acknowledged audio ocular spot streams [ 2 ] . On the other manus, there is a possibility of doing perturbation to continual audiovisual playout synchronism because of the presence of different decrypting clip complexness on superimposed scalable audio ocular spot watercourses. Past researches have non dealt with this clip decrypting complexness job and so there were no solutions recommended. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] . The three major networking factors when sing with scalable audiovisual cyclosis are clip dependent available bandwidth, fickle web hold jitter and variable communicating because of loss of packages. These three factors besides cause unusual playout method while streaming the picture at the client side. Earlier probes intended on the rating of specific bandwidth measurings over TCP/UDP [ 1 ] [ 3 ] . The direction of commanding buffer was besides proposed to acquire rid of the inauspicious effects of the hold jitter. This involves the buffer control suspension and ordinance [ 7 ] [ 8 ] . In add-on with, the retransmission schemes were employed to lookup the awful conditions of perceptual qualities. In the same manner, the past researches wage attending merely to the non- scalable sound cyclosis or else scalable picture coding instead than traverse superimposed audiovisual cyclosis [ 2 ] [ 6 ] . In this work, several bed audio ocular cyclosis methodological analysis is suggested which includes the synchronism of audiovisual informations in two stages. Phase I synchronization involves in clip synchronism and stage II involves on clip playout agenda. The chief aim of this synchronism process is to convey out the audiovisual information playout in synchronised mode by taking complex web status and inconsistent decryption clip complexness for consideration. Fine farinaceous scalability ( FGS ) and Bit sliced arithmetic cryptography ( BSAC ) are the two patterns required for cleavage of sound and picture into two beds, Base bed ( BL ) and Enhancement bed ( EL ) severally. Depending on the deliberate bing bandwidth, a system of audiovisual transmittal with selective beds can be considered for streaming intercrossed or assorted audiovisual informations. Furthermore, audio informations have greater transmittal precedence than picture informations because audio informations are more sensitive to human perceptual experience than that of picture informations. To better the quality want and to take the effects of the irregular hold jitter, the expected buffer control technique with superimposed ( scalable ) audiovisual cyclosis can be used. The proposed system of several beds audiovisual streaming method will get down the de-jitter mechanism when the waiter gets the jitter entreaty. This action is taking topographic point to roll up the temporal presentation length of audiovisual content rapidly by administering more basal beds of audiovisual informations. For non scalable audiovisual cyclosis, longer presentation length which in bend demands more physical buffer capacity of shop up presented audiovisual informations. The physical buffer capacity signifies the content of the buffer in physical memory and presentation length shows the playing clip of the informations in the buffer. The web traffic and the extra client s buffer can be eliminated by utilizing the exp ected buffer direction which in bend builds up the presentation length rapidly at the inhibited mark rate. This can be achieved by doing usage of superimposed audiovisual cryptography method. Further, the conditional retransmission process takes attention of lost packages to acquire retransmitted if these packages are estimated to be arrived in front of scheduled decryption clip and playout. Furthermore, to synchronise audiovisual playout wholly, distinct decrypting time-complexity along with several superimposed audiovisual is besides considered in our proposed method of several superimposed audiovisual cyclosis. The remaining of the paper is discussed as follows. Section 2 analyses the FGS and BSAC methods. The proposed cyclosis of several superimposed audiovisual cyclosis method is explained in subdivision 3. Section 4 brings in the two stages of synchronism i.e. phase-1 in clip cyclosis and phase-2 on clip playout agenda. foreword In this work, Mpeg-4 FGS codec are used to compact scalable picture content and Mpeg-4 sound codec are used to compact scalable audio information. Bit Sliced Arithmetic Coding ( BSAC ) technique is used in this method to convey out compaction of audio informations. Under this subdivision, the scalable and superimposed audiovisual codec s will be discussed. Fine Granular Scalable coding The alterations in the spot rate of the associating web needs some accommodation in the information size. For this, a little portion of picture watercourse called as frame or macro block, is separated into undersized points. Granularity is the term referred to this sort of measuring the figure of little points which forms an entity. In this unit, the first point has the basic and necessary portion of informations and the staying points are nil but the polish to the basic point. This method of scalable in to establish bed and enhancement bed is called all right farinaceous scalability. Adjusting the coarseness of a watercourse to the spot rate capacities allow the gradual addition in the frame size, spot rate and frame rate. Video content in several bed formats is defined in Fine farinaceous scalability method. A superior quality can be achieved for a picture sequence by increasing the figure of beds. MPEG-4 ocular cryptography is an object signifier of Fine farinaceous scalability. It has differences from the old Signal to Noise Ratio ( SNR ) Scalability. In this FGS cryptography, non scalable cryptography type is being utilized for compacting base bed so that lower limit assured quality can be achieved [ 9 ] . Enhancement layer coding can be achieved by compacting the fluctuation between the alone images and the restructured images obtained by spot flat representation. At any spot rate because of random Enhancement bed can be truncated, betterments over the progressive SNR demand to be achieved depending on the bing bandwidth. MPEG-4 Advanced Audio cryptography ( AAC ) is the object signifier for Fine farinaceous sound cryptography. This signifier takes on Bit chopped arithmetic cryptography technique supplying forceful and farinaceous sound cyclosis. One 24 kbps Base bed and two 16 kbps enhancement bed can be constructed from the version 1 of MPEG-4 AAC [ 4 ] . In version 2, the BSAC tool can afford scalability up to 1Kbps for a glandular fever sound and 2Kbps for a stereo sound [ 5 ] [ 10 ] . Proposed Architecture of the cyclosis method The undermentioned figure1 shows the proposed several superimposed audio ocular cyclosis method which has some of import subdivision: scalable audiovisual processing unit, synchronism of transmittal, control constituent of client and waiter, etc. Some of the constituents are as follows: 1. Multimedia Base bed and enhancement bed and rate control can be managed by the scalable audiovisual constituent. Harmonizing to the bing bandwidth, FGS picture and sound informations will be truncated. 2. The transmittal synchronism constituent able to synchronise and convey scalable AV information from clip to clip which depends on the fundamental of the human position. The most favorable ratio of AV transmittal can be determined as a consequence. 3. The control constituent of the waiter establishes the appropriate transmittal rate and figure of audiovisual sweetening beds which depends on the deliberate bing bandwidth and client s retransmission and de-jitter demands. 4. For the stage 1 in-time cyclosis and stage 2 on clip playout synchronism, control constituent of client manages the retransmission and jitter petitions takes topographic point in the web. Harmonizing to the fig 1, the streaming synchronism together with the conditional retransmission process and de-jitter method, carried out by the phase-1 synchronism constituent. Further, playout synchronism along with variable decrypting clip complexness is achieved by this phase-2 synchronism constituent. Henceforth, for clarifying the projected adaptative buffer control, two of import practical footings are refereed. They are 1.Physical buffer capacity and Fig. 1 Proposed Architecture of the cyclosis system 2. Temporal presentation length. The degree of the buffer in physical memory is specified in this physical buffer capacity. Temporal playing length signifies the playing clip of audiovisual content accumulated in the buffer. Adaptive Scalable AV method Cross layered audiovisual spot watercourses are distributed by the proposed adaptive layered audiovisual transmittal method. Audio information is more notable than the picture informations because human position is more perceptive to audio than picture. This is the of import singularity of the human sensitiveness. Additionally, the other ground is video decipherer which can do usage of a system of playback interrupt to conceal the losing picture sections. But this is non the instance for audio sections. Privacy of audio sections is non possible because of the presence of high figure of audio samples. Hence, the precedency for the audio transmittal should be more than video transmittal. The process of the recommended adaptative scalable audiovisual cyclosis are considered as follows: 1. The ratio of figure of audio EL to the figure of video EL is termed as audiovisual transmittal ratio. It is denoted by RA/VEL. 2. The transmittal function tabular array is constructed based on the abovementioned transmittal scheme. The association between the transmittal rate and the figure of audiovisual EL s are mapped in the function table Fig 2. Peak Signal to Noise Ratio ( PSNR ) and Objective debasement classs ( ODG ) are utilized to gauge the change of picture and sound informations through which right transmittal ratio can be verified. Though the PSNR values show the difference of alone and restructured frames, it is hard to distinguish the ocular difference for the human ocular position if the PSNR value is more than 30dB. When sing with alleged sound quality, PEAQ method is employed as indicated in the ITU proposal BS 1387. The ODG and deformation index are the two end product factors of this PEAQ. The ODG values are ranged from -4 to 0. As a consequence, the cross layered audiovisual quality ( Qav ) can be evaluated by the places of sound and picture, i.e. , Qav = 2.Ra + Rv, where Ra and Rv are the aforementioned ranks of the audiovisual quality. Harmonizing to this cross audiovisual quality, the proper RA/V EL can be evaluated, for example, the default value 5. Two stage Synchronization method Two stage synchronism method is discussed in this subdivision. Controling the streaming control can be handled efficaciously by stage 1 synchronism. This stage 1 method besides includes conditional retransmission method and de-jitter mechanism. Taking into history of decrypting clip complexness, Phase 2 synchronism is employed which provides the proper synchronism of playout agenda. Phase-1 Synchronism The unsteady nature of the channel state of affairs nowadays during the multimedia communicating leads to many troubles. The extremely sensitive jitter which takes topographic point in multimedia communicating creates the uneven play-out agenda of the audiovisual content. This uneven drama out are causes more deformation on client s side. The de-jitter mechanism is put frontward to rectify the buffer s temporal presentation length. This will forestall the effects of the hold jitter takes topographic point in the web efficaciously. The hold jitter is nil but the hold among existent reaching and the expected reaching. Normally delay jitter can be classified into three classs ; they are positive jitter, negative jitter and nothing jitter. Positive jitter is the jitter where the packages arrival is delayed. The negative jitter is the jitter where packages arrived earlier and the nothing jitter is the packages arrived on clip. In this proposed several layered audiovisual method, merely po sitive jitter with delayed packages are taken into history. Supplying the bigger temporal presentation length and conveying down the hold jitter which takes topographic point in the web is the construct of this proposed de-jitter mechanism. The brink of the presentation when we sing the hold jitter THJ is estimated which depends on the old mean jitter ( J ) and the maximal hold jitter Jmax. THJ = ?. Jmax + ( 1- ? ) . Joule In this above mentioned expression, ? is a premier factor which estimates the right temporal presentation length. The value of this ? is 0.8 which is obtained by experimentation. The client will bring forth the de-jitter petition if the temporal presentation length is smaller than the value of the THJ which is nil but the threshold of the presentation length. In order to roll up the temporal presentation length rapidly and besides to command the overall traffic takes topographic point in the web, the waiter after having the petition will convey merely the base bed audiovisual content instead than conveying enhancement bed audiovisual information. The proposed de-jitter mechanism greatly reduces the effects of the hold jitter. Fig. 2 The graph of the ratio of the in-time decryption entryway utilizing the proposed de-jitter process for distinguishable hold heebie-jeebiess. Bettering the debasement of the perceptual quality in the proposed method, conditional retransmission method is devised. The web congestion and web mistake are the footing for the package loss. If the congestion or traffic becomes worse, so the packages will non come in order and this leads to incorrect scheduled decoding clip. The packages which are non in order besides be treated as lost packages. This lost package is occurred when hold clip is higher than a threshold THD. The threshold of the hold clip is given by THD = ?. Jmax + ( 1 ? ? ) J Experimental value of the ? , the control factor is stated to be 0.5. The nucleus thought behind the conditional retransmission method is, before the procedure of decrypting and playout to be done, the retransmitted packages can be obtained. This action takes topographic point if the temporal presentation length is larger than the indispensable retransmission clip. If the procedure of decrypting and playout occur before these retransmitted packages arrival, these lost packages are bounced back or skipped. The indispensable retransmission clip is estimated by the amount of package unit of ammunition trip clip and mean hold jitter. Furthermore, depending on the staying bandwidth ( Br ) and retransmitted informations ( Rret ) , server will look into the necessity for the retransmission of lost packages. To forestall the extra traffic, merely the base bed content will be retransmitted. The process for the conditional retransmission method is shown in fig 3. Phase 2 Synchronism The decipherer with distinct decrypting clip of the proposed several layered audiovisual cyclosis method is really much needed. Such decipherer is needed due to the demand of drama out of several superimposed audiovisual informations in a synchronised mode. This decipherer will retrace the distinct qualities of the audiovisual spot watercourses. The extreme clip distinction of sound and picture are stated as ?A and ?V Fig 3. The process of the conditional retransmission mechanisms ( left: client side, right: server side ) . . ?A = TdAmax ? TdAmin ?V = TdVmax ? TdVmin These are the two equations which province the maximal clip difference of decrypting sound and picture severally. TdAmax denotes the maximal audio BL and EL ( all ) decryption clip and TdAmin denotes the minimal audio BL and EL decryption clip. In the same manner, TdVmax and TdVmin denote the upper limit and minimal picture BL and EL ( all beds ) decrypting clip severally. For different measure of sweetening beds, the fig 4 indicates the indispensable decryption clip complexness in Federal Protective Service. The foremost sound and picture packages are played out with their hold clip of ?A and ?V. This is to vouch that the variable decryption clip should non do influence on audiovisual playback. To be clearer, ?A and get downing buffering clip of sound are one and the same. Similarly ?V and get downing buffering clip of video both represents the same. Therefore, PA1 and PV1 are nil but the playing out clip of first sound and first picture severally. These are given by Fig. 4 The graph demoing decrypting time-complexity ( unit: Federal Protective Service ) for different sums of sweetening beds. PA1 = TiA1 + ?A PV1 = TiV1 + ?V The echt playout clip for the first sound and video units is given by P1A|V = soap ( P1A, P1V ) . The consecutive ith audio portion of the playout is termed as PiA = Pi-1A|V + uiA, I A ; gt ; 1 where uiA is the sample period of audio parts. The process of phase-1 synchronism and phase-2 playout synchronism can be worked together good in the proposed system. Therefore the drum sander audiovisual playout with proper synchronism and the refined quality can be attained. The public presentations of the proposed several layered or scalable audiovisual cyclosis are demonstrated in this subdivision. This includes both in-time cyclosis and the on-time playout agenda. The extent of quantitative ratio is interrelated to the user s perceptual qualities. Comparing the public presentation with and without proposed processs, available bandwidth, and hold jitter and package loss are measured. Fig. 5 loss rate for different retransmission methods The de-jitter mechanism take the effects of jitter hold by maintaining the temporal presentation length quickly. In this experiment, the in-timing decryption ratio is given by ratio between the sum of packages coming for the decryption waiting line in clip and the sum of received packages at the client side. Harmonizing to fig 4, the de-jitter mechanism enhances the in-timing decryption ratio which specifies big figure of packages come ining into the decrypting waiting line in clip. This states that audiovisual informations in big figure will be scheduled to be decoded. In the same manner, the conditional retransmission method explained in the subdivision 5.1, is to develop the audiovisual quality if many lost packages needs to be retransmitted. In this experiment, when compared with full transmittal method, this proposed conditional retransmission method yield the higher ratio of in-time decrypting entryway. This is because the full transmittal may bring forth terrible web traffic and hike the transmittal hold. But this is non the instance with conditional retransmission method. In the fig 5, comparing for different retransmission methods are discussed. The three transmittal methods are full transmittal method, conditional retransmission method, and without retransmission. The proposed mechanism together with de-jitter mechanism achieve better public presentations than the other retransmission strategies. Fig. 6 Consequence of the proposed synchronism mechanism on the loss rate In add-on to this abovementioned strategies, the playout synchronism algorithm mentioned in subdivision 5.2 is employed to convey out the audiovisual playout on-time. In this experiment, the on-time playout ratio is the of import index which is given by Rplay = Uplay /Utotal in which Uplay is the measure of media parts played out on-time and Utotal is the entire media parts. From the fig 6, the proposed two phase synchronism strategies produce better ratio than the three other transmittal methods. The three transmittal methods are No Synchronization ( without stage 1 and phase 2 ) , with phase-1 synchronism and with both phase-1 synchronism and phase-2 synchronism. Decisions In this paper, several layered or scalable audiovisual cyclosis method are proposed which employs the techniques or methods of FGS and BSAC. The proposed adaptive scalable audiovisual transmittal method highlights the audio quality instead than video quality to convey out the typical human perceptual experience. The de-jitter process mentioned in the phase-1 cyclosis synchronism can change the temporal presentation length which brings out the playout smooth. The conditional retransmission method can retransmit lost or delayed packages expeditiously so that overall playback quality will be improved. Similarly, the proposed phase-2 synchronism mechanism can capable of synchronising the both audio and picture along with consideration of clip decrypting complexness. The experiment consequences of the proposed several layered audiovisual cyclosis method illustrate that this method is the possible cyclosis strategy to get the better of the bing troubles like limited bandwidth, foul quality , uneven playback etc nowadays in the omnipresent multimedia cyclosis. Recognition We wish to show our sincere thanks to the Department of Information Technology, Anna University, MIT Campus, Chennai for supplying the needed hardware and package tools to transport out simulation.

The Tensions of Susan Moller Okin’s Essay Essays

The Tensions of Susan Moller Okin’s Essay Essays The Tensions of Susan Moller Okin’s Essay Essay The Tensions of Susan Moller Okin’s Essay Essay Susan Moller Okin’s â€Å"Feminism and Multiculturalism: Some Tensions† is a well-argued paper that explores the â€Å"tensions† between feminism and multiculturalism (particularly the â€Å"group-rights† variety) from a consistent liberal perspective. The author writes as a liberal and as a feminist in putting forth a critique of the ways in which multiculturalism – as it was, and still is, being advocated by various activists and academics – poses real dangers to the rights and interests of girls and women that belong to minority groups. The way she does this is admirable: In a manner that is clear and with not-so-well-known examples, she shows how most of the major cultures of the world puts a premium on â€Å"maintaining control of women† and how the advancement of the rights and interests of women conflict and clash with particular practices within the cultures of minority groups. She is admirable in standing firm with the feminist insight that â€Å"more often than not, sex discrimination is far less overt. In many cultures, strict control of women is enforced in the private sphere by the authority of either actual or symbolic fathers, often acting through, or with the complicity of, the older women of the culture. † This, I think, is her central argument in making the case that there are â€Å"tensions,† if not contradictions, between feminism and multiculturalism. Despite my respect for Okin’s arguments and mode of argumentation, I also have a few critical remarks: (1) For a couple of times in the essay, Okin referred to â€Å"more patriarchal minority cultures exist[ing] in the context of less patriarchal majority cultures. † This, I think, is one of the great assumptions of her essay – the situation that is implied to be the context of her thinking and writing. The question therefore arises: Is she talking about North America and Europe? I wish that Okin made this assumption an argument, changed it from being implicit to being explicit. This would have made her case stronger, or at least clearer, and not prone to charges of Eurocentrism in this context, or the assumption that states in North America and Europe are liberal ones that are good or even better for girls and women to grow up in. Not that I disagree with this belief completely, but I believe that this must be shown rather than merely assumed. Had Okin made this explicit, perhaps she would have posed and addressed related issues such as the degree of â€Å"liberalism† or â€Å"feminism† of these states with regard to girls and women, especially when compared with cultures of â€Å"minority groups. † (2) I also hoped that Okin presented what advocates of â€Å"group rights† are fighting for, or what they themselves say they are fighting for. I think that she will agree that these advocates are not fighting for group rights for the sole purpose of controlling or oppressing women. By not presenting the objectives of these advocates, however, we are left with the impression – one-sided, surely – that the enforcement of these group rights by the state will only lead to the tighter control and greater oppression of women. Had she presented the objectives of these advocates, we readers will probably be given the chance to weigh these against the dangers that she had posed. It is not that the rights of minority groups should take precedence over the rights and interests of girls and women within these groups. But the fact that these objectives can constitute real gains for populations of minority groups, and not just attacks on the rights and interests of girls and women suggests that the struggle for the rights and interests of women on the one hand, and of the minority group on the other, could be seen as complementing each other, part of a struggle to expand freedoms of various peoples. (3) I wish to make a few comments regarding various points of Okin’s paper. (a) Okin defends feminists (needless to say, from one culture) who criticize anti-women practices in other cultures. I agree with her on this score. Such a view, however, should be balanced by the view that real change happens only when its constituents fight for it. I agree that we can pass judgment on the tyranny of Saddam Husein but I do not agree that this gives us license to attack Iraq. Real change in Iraq should come from its people, not from other countries. (b) I have the feeling that control and oppression of women in the family sphere is too systemic a problem for it to used as a yardstick for measuring gains that group rights can actually bring a minority population. (c) One more thing that’s sorely missing in Okin’s essay is an appreciation of how changes in history take place. I think that piecemeal reforms for oppressed people are important and can lead to bigger things. What she does, from one perspective, is to pit piecemeal reforms against systemic changes – which is not, I think, how changes in history take place.

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