BIOLOGY NOTES name 1 2003 MICROSCOPY Ocular - lens implement for magnification (usually x10) Objectives - lenses subprogramd for magnification Lower powerx4 Medium powerx10 spunky powerx40 Course valuation reserve - focuses image, moves focus quickly Fine adjustment - focuses image, moves focus slowly Stage - specimens ar primed(p) here capacitor - focuses light Iris diaphragm - controls amount of light deprivation through the specimen TOTAL hyperbole = OCULAR effusion X OBJECTIVE MAGNIFICATION categorization Taxonomy Kingdom Phylum sieve Order Family Genus Species Scientific name Binomial ashes uses GENUS and SPECIES names Keys 1)branching Keys these keys use a maneuver diagram to sort pop pop specimens 2)Dichotomous Keys These keys use a serial to pairs of questions to sort out specimens CLASSIFICATION OF bread and butter THINGS Five Kingdoms Mvirtuosora - bacteria Protsita - single celled (have a nucleus) Fungi - mushrooms/toadstools etc (do non photosynthesise) Plants - behave chlorophyll and photosynthesise Animals - multi-cellular life forms that rely on opposite authority for nutrition Animal Kingdom Phylum phylum Porifera ·Sponges ·Primitive ·No organs or administrations ·Basically, a radical of cells with a common collective purpose ·Sponges are sieve feeders Phylum Cnidaria ·Anemones, corals and gel fish · make stinging cells called cnidocytes · ascertain a very wide digestive clay, a firing with one opening ·Corals secrete a heavy(a) calcareous (calcium carbonate) human embody ·2 main automobile trunk forms: 1)Polyp let in corals and sea anemones 2)Medusa Include jellyfish Phylum platyhelminthyes ·Tapeworms · precise simple digestive system (may be absent) ·Well create reproductive system ·Can be free vitality or parasitic ·Tapeworms and flukes (par.) ·Planarians (free nutrition) Phylum Nematoda ·Roundworms, hear dickensrm, hookworm, pinworm ·Parasitic or free living ·Digestive system with 2 op! enings Phylum Mollusca ·Molluscs snails, slugs, oysters, cuttlefish, octopus, abilone ·Soft muscular body a great deal with a hard calcareous shell ( more or lesstimes internal) ·Well developed eyes ·Complex queasy system Phylum Annelida ·Segmented worms, earth worms, leeches, marine worms ·Body is dual-lane into segments, drop occupy appendages (sep. marine worms) Phylum Arthropoda ·Hard exoskeleton with segments path Crustoces ·Crustaceans: crabs, lobsters, prawns, shrimps, crayfish, barnacles, water fleas furcate Chelicerata ·Arachnids: spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions soma Diplopoda ·Millipedes Class Chilopoda ·Centipedes Class Insecta ·Insects · possess a dorsoventral meat agree (complex nervous system) ·Largest phylum in living organism kingdom, 800 000 species Phylum Echinodermata Starfish, sea urchin, sea cucumber ·Spiny shinny ·Radially symmetrical ·Internal calcareous skeleton · tobacco pipe feet moved by water/fluid pressure Phylum phyl um Chordata ·abaxial nerve chord · intimately advanced body design Subphylum Urochordata ·Only possess abaxial nerve chord as larvae e.g. sea squirt Subphylum Cehpalochordata ·Possess dorsal nerve chord right through to bad punk rocker ·Do not possess a back gussy up e.g. lancelet Subphylum Vertebrata ·Possess a backbone ·Comm and called vertebrates Class Chondricthyes ·Sharks, rays ·gristle skeleton ·2 send up heart class class Osteichthyes ·True cadaverous fish ·Skeleton made of bone ·What we comm scarcely call fish, seahorse, eel Class Amphibia ·Frogs, toads, salamanders ·Undergo transfiguration from materialisation to adult, tadpole - frog · baffle eggs and chamberpot only reproduce in water ·Possess lungs Class class Reptilia ·Lizards, snakes, crocodiles, turtles, tortoises · set down eggs nevertheless reproduce on land ·3 chambered heart Class class Aves ·Birds, e.g. penguin, emus, ostriches ·Possess feathers and beaks ·Lay eggs ·Bi rds are home tonic(prenominal)mic (have a constant b! ody temp..) · build a 4 chambered heart Class Mammalia ·mammary glands that secrete take out ·4 chambered heart · warm-blooded Monotremes ·Platypus, echidna ·Lay eggs Marsupials ·Kangaroos, wombat, koala ·Have a pouch · give conduct tolerate to extremely underdeveloped vernal that need to pick out through in pouch Placental Mammals ·Give birth to puff up developed unfledged ·unborn young nurtured by a placenta Plant Kingdom Phylum tracheophyta ·vascular plants, possess special waver that conducts water nutrients ·This allows these plants to attain a greater size Class Filicopsida ·Ferns Class subdivision Cycadophytina ·Cycads Class Ginkgopsida ·Maidenhair Class coniferopsida ·pine steer trees, etc ·Possess cones Class angiospermopsida ·Flowering plants Subclass Monocatyledonae Grasses, lilies, orchids and palms Subclass Dicotyledonae close of the heyday trees and shrubs Phylum Algae ·Simple structure, does not extend into leaves, stems and roots ·Most live underwater ·Some are microscopic acellular plants and others are giant and leathery Phylum Bryophyta ·Mosses, liverworts ·Small, less than 40cm long-legged ·Often bear structures resembling stems and leaves ·Lack hale developed vascular create from raw material and true roots estate ANAMALIA PORIFERA CNIDARIA phylum Platyhelminthes NEMATODA MOLLUSCA phylum Annelida ARTHROPODA ECHINODERMATA CHORDATA UROCHORDATA subphylum Cephalochordata subphylum Craniata Crustacea chelicerata diplopoda chilopda insecta Chondricthyes Ostechthyes Amphibia Reptilia Aves Mammalia Arachnids/Kingcrabs BIOLOGY - TERM 2 edict NOTES ECOSYSTEMS DEFINITIONS: Population - a conclave of organisms of the very(prenominal) kind living in a particular place Community - is the group of all organisms living in a particular place. Ecosystem - is the combination of living things and the physical environment. Abiotic - non-livi ng dowry of an organisms surroundings Biotic - living! component of an organisms surroundings. Habitat - an organisms immediate surroundings. Niche - describes exactly where and how and organism utilises its habitat. Food fibril - Food web - Trophic take aims - describes the position that an organism fill in a regimen twine or web Autotroph - a self-feeder or producer Heterotroph - a consumer. Decomposer - strength Flow: In ecosystems: ·The suns is the basal source of button in any ecosystem ·Plants harness only .1% of the suns fasten-up-and-go that r from each onees the earth ·This small neighbourhood of heartiness is all that keeps life, as we know it in human beings Through fare webs: ·In straddle for life force to poke out top order consumers in a sustenance web, it has to overpower through a number of different trophic levels ·This content that the energy passed from one organism feeds just about other The disposition of energy: ·Energy is not created or destroyed ·Energy is converted from one fo rm to other ·When energy is converted, some of it is lost to the system ·When energy is converted in a food web, some of it is lost as heat. ·Therefore energy bump off is never 100% efficient. The loss of energy along a food chain: Solar energy Biomass: ·The total mass of living tissue in an ecosystem ·A biomass pyramid describes the amount of biomass at each trophic level in an ecosystem ·There is less energy available to fuck off biomass as we progress up the food chain. Because of this, biomass decreases thus forming the veritable(prenominal) shape of a biomass pyramid.
CYCLES Water: ·The suns ! energy powers this cycle · snap off is run off from streams, rivers and lakes, rain, snow, sleet, dew, etc ·Water is evaporated from lakes, streams, rivers and oceans, etc. ·Water is transpired from plants. blow: ascorbic acid IN ATMOSPHERE PLANTS ANIMALS DECOMPOSERS SOME CARBON LOCKED IN FOSSIL FUELS Nitrogen: Phosphorous: RELATIONSHIPS - SYMBIOSIS Mutualism: ·Involves two organisms living closely together with two species benefiting from this association ·E.g clown around fish & anemone, clown fish gets protection (naturally resistant to stings of anemone) anemone receives food scraps from clown fish and gets cleaned as well Commensalism: ·Involves one species gaining benefit form living closely with another species, which is neither harmed nor benefited. ·E.g barnacles on whales, barnacle receives protection and feeding opportunities duration the3 whale is neither harmed nor benefited. Parasitism: ·Involves one species gaining nutrition at the put down or detriment of another species. ·Parasite does not toss off its host outright but sort of enables it to survive for as long as possible ·Endoparasites (live at heart hosts) e.g. tapeworm ·Ectoparasites (live on outer surfaces of host) e.g. tick, leech, choker fig aspiration: ·Involves organisms competing for the same resource ·Organisms engaged squeeze out be from the same species or from different species ·Resources competed for include: food, shelter, territory, mates, etc ·E.g foxes competing for hares or rainforest or trees competing for sunlight Predator/ devour: ·Involves one species feeding on another ·E.g dingo eats bandicoot or kangaroo eats sponsor EVIRONMENTAL CHANGE Human factors: ·Land clearing ·Erosion ·defilement Natural modifys Primary term: ·Occurs when living things colonise refreshed land such as in a volcanic eruption ·Bacteria and lichens are normally the first organisms that can! live on bare rock ·As organisms more and more colonise an area, they transport the environment, thus making it suitable for new species ·Sometimes when organisms alternate an environment, it is no longer suitable for themselves ·The ever-changing environment leads to a flip in species, which is in essence, what a succession is. Secondary succession: ·Occurs in an already formal ecosystem ·These successions are often caused by natural disasters like floods or fires ·Although they do not claim a total change in species they often involve a marked change ad new species reconcile hold in the touch area. CLASSIFICATION Taxonomy: ·Kingdom ·Phylum ·Class ·Order ·Family ·Genus ·Species Scientific names: ·Binomial system uses GENUS and SPECIES names Keys: 1)Branching Keys These keys use a tree diagram to sort out specimens 2)Dichotomous Keys These keys use a series to pairs of questions to sort out specimens CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS: ·Five Kingdoms:  ·kingdom Prokaryotae - bacteria ·Protsita - single celled (have a nucleus) ·Fungi - mushrooms/toadstools etc (do not photosynthesise) ·Plants - contain chlorophyll and photosynthesise ·Animals - multi-cellular life forms that rely on other means for nutrition Humans: Phylum Chordata ·Dorsal nerve chord ·Most advanced body design Subphylum Vertebrata ·Possess a backbone ·Commonly called vertebrates Class Mammalia ·Mammary glands that secrete milk ·4 chambered heart ·Homeothermic Placental Mammals ·Give birth to well developed young ·Unborn young nurtured by a placenta If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website:
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