Tense and Aspect in English and Arabic

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Ministry of Higher Education King Abdual Al. Aziz University susceptibility of art and humanities side department filter up and setting in incline and Arabic By Aziza Attia Al. Zharani . Supervised Dr. Salha Al. Qarni . 2011 objective lensive methodology backup of interrogation sieve and expression in slope and Arabic . compulsion for the study the reasons that guide to interest ab show up the filtrate and thought much(prenominal) as explain to definition and types in a sieve and aspect in incline and Arabic and structure the verb phraseology in sen tennerces in face and Arabic . The interrogation go forth be includes * Verb phrase in side . * sift and aspect in side of meat . * Verb phrase in Arabic . * strain and aspect in Arabic . *conclusion . * bibliography. affirmation of the problem sift and aspect in position and Arabic and several(prenominal) suggestion to crystalise the problem . disguise the difference in Arabic and ex plain the similar between ii lecture . efinition of terms stress a morphological fellowship so aorist tense means a particular found of the verb . aspect a category enforced in describing how the action of a verb is marked. Verb phrase Verb phrase consists of a verb and altogether the cause-in and haggling groups that belong the verb and cluster around it. Hypothesis -the research gives the students a brief glimpse of the theory and practice . -to explain the mis espouses that around lot felt in it ,a particular in tense and aspect and broadly in much grammar. In the research try to solve or so common mis sires. to study the difference structure in side and Arabic also tense and aspect . -the problem in a grammar make a problem in pronunciation and spelling so we command to treatment this point. Review of the colligate literature -Abdullah ,a . Breaking The Arabic mandate (verbs). The middle east . Palmwe, F . Apeli pot Original Grammer . 1971 . England . -Stage berg , n . An entree English Grammar. 1977. United states of American. -Tipping, L. (1927). A uplifteder English grammar. Machillan & Co Lon go in. -Tregidgo, P. S. (1974). English deform Usage A Bulls-Eye View. ELT, 28, 97-107. -WWW. Vegasociety.Com/Arabic outgoing-Future Html Research methodology Theoretical methods. draught I. INTRODUTION . A . What is grammar . B. why to study grammar. II. Tense and aspect in English . 1- Verb phrase in English . 2-defination and archetypes tense and aspect in English . 3- types and examples tense and aspect in English. III. Tense and aspect in Arabic 1- Verb phrase in Arabic. 2-Definition and examples tense and aspect in Arabic . 3-Types and examples tense and aspect in Arabic . IV. A. Conclusion . B. references. Dedication Personall(a)y, Id wish to convey all those who socio-economic class tendinged with their advice and efforts Id the like also to thank all the English staff, e surplusly my instructor, Dr. Salhah Al . Qarni . for her valuable advice. For my pargonnts, friends and everyone, I dedicate my research. 1. Introduction 1. 1 What is Grammar? Grammar is the sy curtain call of a language. People few clips describe grammar as the rules of a language solely in circumstance no language has rules. If we use the intelligence rules, we suggest that several(prenominal)body created the rules depression and then spoke the language, like a new game. But languages did non come on like that. Languages started by commonwealth making sounds which evolved into terminology, phrases and sentences.No comm however-spoken language is fixed. All languages substitute over time . What we call grammar is hardly a reflection of a language at a particular time. we dont need to study grammar became much people in the world speak their own, native language without having analyse its grammar. Children as well(p) start to speak forrader they even realise the dis logical argument grammar . grammar can be thought o f as roughthing that can help you, like a friend. When you understand the grammar (or sy curtain call) of a language, you can understand many an(prenominal) things yourself, without having to ask a teacher or look in a book . 1. 2 Why study grammar?If we learn our native language in the toddler years, then whats the point of learning about split of speech and grammar in world(a)? The answer to this question is simple . Firstly, it can help us in writing if we hunch how our language is correctly utilize. Conversation tends to be casual, and when we write garner, or job applications, or articles, its important to pick out correct grammar if we be not to appear insensible . Secondly, if you learn a foreign language when youre a teenager or adult, the grammar is likely to break down divergently. If you learn as a small child, you will understand this intuitively, as with a starting language.But by the time we arrest to eight or nine, our brains beat become somewhat hard -wired as farther as language goes, and its much more difficult to learn a new one. So it becomes important to see how the grammatical structure flora and unless we understand English grammar first, thats almost impossible. Thirdly, its interesting to study grammar . 2. The Verb phrase in English In linguistics, a verb phrase or VP is a syntactical structure composed of the predicative elements of a sentence and its function is to nominate in miscellanyation about the subject of the sentence. stageberg1977 ) As with all phrases, a verb phrase consists of more than one word. In English, most verb phrases are phrasal verbs. phrasal verbs consist of a verb plus one or two particles (a verb or adverb) which combine to habitus a meaning greater than the two wrangling individually. They are divided into adverbial verbs (He is looking up) where the meanings are always tangible and the expression could be re personated with the simple verb (to look) without losing any real meaning p repositional verbs (he is picking on his friend) where there must always be an object and the particle cannot be dislocated from the verb (i. . *he is always picking him on, is not grammatically correct) true phrasal verbs (he is going out tonight with his friends) which w totethorn or whitethorn not cede an object and where the object may go intbetween or later on the preposition though object pronouns can moreover go before the pronoun) and prepositional phrasal verbs (I hope he doesnt run out of gas before he gets here) where the iiisome elements cannot be named and there is always an object. Most phrasal verbs are idiomatic . ( stageberg1977 ) opposite verb phrases are phrases which do not behave like phrasal erbs and they open fire consist of much more that two or three elements. whatsoever oral phrase is where the combined words take on a greater meaning than the implied significance of each individual word (idiomatic), though all elements behave as one verb wou ld in a sentence. My friends work is crossing the line. While crossing a line may have a literal sense in some contexts, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as an athlete crossing a line to win a race, in opposite contexts, crossing the line signifies to do something which most people would not consider proper. As with most such communicatory phrases their meanings are almost always idiomatic.In English as in other languages, verbal phrases can be colloquial and regional. Other examples of such verbal phrases (non phrasal verbs) are * You are driving me bananas. * He always takes the high road. * Your friend is going to get whats coming to him. * It was shattered to sets. Most such verbal phrases are the combination of a verb plus adverbial phrase, though not always. The Verb phrase in English also shows consist of tense and aspect . 3. Tense and Aspect 3. 1 definitions In English, verbs have different bods to indicate continuousness, completeness, and time.Time can be expressed by tense whether infix, previous(prenominal) or prox. On the other hand, continuousness can be expressed by the progressive aspect of the verb whereas completeness can be expressed by the perfective aspect of the verb. Tipping (1927) points out that the word tense is derived from the Latin word tempus which means time. The word tense is use in grammar books to indicate certain(p) inflections of the verb (125). According to Tregidgo tense refers to the correspondence between the form of the verb and time. Aspect is related to the manner in which the verb is considered complete or in progress. (130) According to his, English has two simple tenses the innovate and the away, and two marked aspects the progressive and the perfective (305, 306). Pullum sterilize tense as a sy kibosh where the basic or lineament meaning of the terms is to locate the situation, or part of it, at some point or period of time. On the other hand, he trammel aspect as a sy bag where the basic meanings h ave to do with the internal temporal constituency of the situation. In fact, the features of tense and aspect are interrelated. Sometimes, we cannot separate the introduce and agone tenses from the progressive and perfective aspects.As we have broadsided, many grammarians leave out the future from their analysis of tense because it is usually indicated by the normals shall and will. Palmer indicates that the present and ult are comparable within the analysis, in that they exemplify the formal category of tense as established in the primary pattern (36). However, the forms I shall and I will belong to the secondary patterns. . 3. 2 makers of tense and aspect thither are two tenses in English previous(prenominal) and present. There is no obvious future tense corresponding to the time/tense relation forpresent and then(prenominal). The future isdenoted ymeans of modal auxiliaries as in (a), by simple present forms as in (b) orprogressive forms as in (c) and (d) a. Iwillgoto school. (madalauxiliary) b. HeleavesforLondontomorrow . (simplepresent) c. c. Itisgoingtorain. d. d. Thetrainisleavingtonight. English has the interest aspects progressive, and pefective. Aspect is shown by the use of affixes -ing and -ed and/orauxiliary words be and have as in a. arerunning. b. hasplayed. English tense and aspect are summarized on a lower floor. 3. 2 . 1The Present In the Simple Present, only the third psyche funny is marked for tense by thesuffix S3, e. g. I play, we play,you play,theyplay, he plays, she plays, it plays. The morpheme -S3 has the same allomorphs in the same distribution as the plural suffix -S1 andpossessive suffix -S2 of the noun. (Tregidgo 1974) /-s/, /-z/, /-iz/,as in sleeps,brushes, deviates, raises. The majority of modal auxiliaries are said to have tense. The auxiliaries Can ,may, shall, will , mustare utilisein thepresent tense. They precede the main verb and give it special shades of meaning like futurity, volition,possibility, proba bility, permission, and necessity.The auxiliaries can, may, shall, will ,and must are not inflected for tense, e. g. I can, we can you can they can, he can, she can, it can. The three quasi(prenominal) auxiliaries be, do, have often function as auxiliaries. Thepresentformof flip and do are only inflected forthird person unpaired nouns, and words for which the third person peculiar pronouns will substitute and word groups. I have, we have,you have, they have, he has, she has, it has I do, we do, you do, they do, hedoes, she does,it does. Be has three suppletive forms in thepresent tense as followsI am, we are, you are, they are ,he is, she is, it is. Quasi auxiliaries may precede the verb stem, the presentparticiple, and the previous(prenominal) participle, e. g. I do insist They are playingHe has eaten. The quasi auxiliary do is used in questions, detrimental sentences, and emphatic affirmations. Do you know theanswer? She didnt do it. I did see him. 3. 2. 2 The Past The Simple Past form takes on two forms regular and irregular. The regular form endswith the suffix -edas inplayed, walked, closed. The pasttense suffix-ed is pronounced t later on a punishing harmonised as in assureped, possessed, marked it spronounced d after a voiced agreeable as in believed, closed,played, and it is pronounced 4676 after another /t/, /d/ as in started, landed. The irregular past tensetakes on numerous formssome verb sremain the same, some form their past by a suppletive form, somere place their entire stem by a wholly different stem as in go, went, e. g. , went, ran, taught, wrote, smelt, in additionk, made, said,left, sent, spoke, met, drew, began, set. The past tense form of the verb is not inflected(marked) for thefirst, second or thirdperson nouns or pronouns. (Tregidgo 1974)The past tense form of the modal auxiliaries can, may, shall, will, must are could, might, should, would, ought. mustand ought (to) do not haveparallel forms, like the others. To expressthe past tense ofmust, in the the sense of necessity, one says had to, e. g. You ought to take the medicine. You ought to /should havetaken the medicine. The past tense form of the quasi auxiliaries be, do and have are had was, were did. Thesepast formsmay precede theverb stem , the present participle, and the past Participle . The quasi auxiliary Do is used in questions, negative sentences, and emphatic ffirmations. Did you know theanswer ? She didnt do it. I did see him. These past tense forms are not marked in accordance with the subject. 3. 2. 3 The Progressive The present and past progressive consist of be + present participle the ing form . Seven suppletive forms of be am, is, are, was , were, be , been are used as the first member of the verb phrases. e. only the first member of the verbal phrase is inflected in accordance with the subject. The second member creation does not change . the present participle suffix -ing does not change as well.When auxiliaries are employed in g roups of two or three, the following obligatory sequence is followed be + present participle. 3. 2. 4 perpective The past and the present perfect consist of Have+ pastparticiple. The past participle is the -ed form of the verb. Three forms of have -have, has, had- serve as the first member of the verbphrase. The first memberhas changesin accordance withthe subject the second member which consists of the past participle of the main verb does not. When auxiliaries are used in groups of two or three, the following obligatory sequence is ollowed have + past participle. 4. The verb phrase in Arabic Learning theArabic Verbsis very important, because their structure is used in every day conversation. The more you master it the more you get at hand(predicate) to mastering the Arabic language . But first we need to know whats the role of verbs in the structure of the grammar in Arabic. Arabic verbs are words that convey action (bring, read, walk, run), or a state of being (exist, stand). In most languages a verb may agree with the person, gender, and/or morsel of some of its arguments, such as its subject, or objectArabic to has only 2 times, the perfect and the imperfect, but there is a difference, in the west people look at the points in time in where an action takes place, the Arabs however look at the aspect of a verb meaning they ask Is the action finished or not (They dont ask themselves when did it finish or not). Of course a finished action corresponds with the past as does a unornamented action with the present, but not necessarily so. Here are some examples English Verbs Arabic Verbs Verbs alaafaal Past almaatheee I spoke tahadathtArabic verb conjugation is a bit complex, although very regular the so called semitrailervowels alif, waw and ya and the glottal stop hamza cause irregularity in Arabic verb conjugation . The simplest Arabic verb consists out of three amenables like KaTaBa meaning hewrote or he has written. The past tense is combined by suffixes, the present tense by prefixes. The Arabs use the verb fa3ala (to do) to encounter all possible forms a verb may have. The problem lies in the fact that any of those root consonants might be an hamza, the glottal stop or an alif, a waw or a ya, the so called semi-consonants.They might be retained or disappear according to certain rules. Arabic verbs have ten (even more) forms. To give you an example,third rule allama means to know, The second form allama with the second consonant doubled means to let know meaning to teach, the fifth form ta3allama means to let your self know meaning to study The tenth part form istaf3ala means in general to think to act out an action described by the verb, so istahhasana to think to be beatifull from hhasana to be beautiful . (Abdullah ) List of Verbs in ArabicBelow is a list of the conjugated verbs in the present , past and future in Arabic placed in table. English Verbs Arabic Verbs I can accept that /iomkin an aqbalah she add ed it /waadaafat anah we admit it /nahn natarif bithalik they aware him /waashaarowa alaih he will go / sawfa yathhabu Verbs in the present past and future tense have a very important role in Arabic, therefore they need very special attention. 5. Tense and aspect in Arabic . 1 Verb conjugation In Arabic verbs take their infinitive form by using the past form of that verb and conjugate it to the third person singular he, to make it simple here is an example to upchuck = rasama = (he drew), to write = kataba (he wrote) = . daraba (to hit) Most verbs in Arabic have a three letters root or stem, there are also verbs containing more than three letters in their root (stem) but we will start with verbs consisting of a three consonant stem, also called trilateral verbs, since the trilateral verbs (containing three consonant ) are the most common.In Arabic we use a masdar ancestor to show how a verb is conjugated and what forms it takes, normally for a three letters verb we u se faala = = to do (literally in Arabic it means he did), This verb is used as an example or model to help us know how to conjugate other verbs having the same characteristics. We take for instance the verb to cajole = rasama = as you can see it in Arabic it has only three consonant (R ? , S ? , M ? ), this verb sounds exactly like our model verbs (faala when it comes to its vowels, and thats all we care about, ignore the simile or difference in the consonants, what matters is the similarity in the vowels and the number of letters, because you will alternate the consonant in our examples and clothe your own there, to make it more simple we will take a random word phonetically similar to our verb faala lalala sounds like rasama if you compare its vowels and the number of consonants, other examples are dahaba (to go), haraba (to run away), kataba (to write), nasaha (to advise), daraba to hit), in fact most Arabic verbs are formed this way. They all seem to have the same tu ne. presently to form the present tense with this kind of verbs, we first take our stem from the verb, in other words, extract all vowels from the verb, for example the verb to draw = rasama, at a time weextract all vowels we will end up having rsm , now this stem is fixate to be modeled. Look at the table at a lower place 5. 2 Arabic Present tense To form the present tense in Arabic you need to extract the stem from the verb in the infinitive first, for example To draw = rasama topic is rsm, now lets look at the table below to see how this verb is conjugated in this tense Present Tense in Arabic Singular Dual Plural I draw = arsumu you draw (singular masculine) = tarsumuyou draw (singular feminine) = tarsumeenahe draws = yarsumushe draws = tarsumu you draw (dual male or female) = tarsumanithey draw (dual male or female) = yarsumani we draw = narsumuyou draw (plural masculine) = tarsumunayour draw (plural feminine) = tarsumnathey draw (plural masculine) = yarsumunathey draw ( plural feminine) = yarsumna Each form of the verb rasama above containsBlue face (thats what you need to keep, the blue font shouldnt be modified or removed from verb, it stays the same) inflamed font (thats what you need to delete and add your own consonant of the verb you chose to conjugate kataba ? ktb, haraba ? hrb) Green font (you can keep that one too, but not all the time, sometimes it becomes a or i sort of of u depending on the verb) We noticed that the rs of the stem rsm are always together, thats the case with all trilateral verbs (verbs with three consonants, which are the most a great deal used verbs in Arabic) he first and second consonant go together, so you can use this table with other verbs as well by replacing the letters in red (the stem we used before) and establish your own verb stem instead. The vowel in green may change to a or i depending on the verb, like for example for the verb nasaha (to advise) instead of using the u in green we have to change it t o a I advise = ansahu, you advise = tansahu(and not ansuhu .. tansuhu) and so on (Note that the stem here is n. s. h as we mentioned earlier), for the verb daraba (to hit) we use i instead, I hit = adribu, he hits = yadribu. and not adrubu) In case you think that this is too complicated, I will tell you that its not something unusual, and if youre a native or learned Spanish, French, German or even English before, you will notice that the vowel in the middle of some verbs sometimes dont really follow the rule . English precisely take the verb to go I go, you go, he gos? Of course not, the right form is he goes as you know. All these examples are not considered irregularities but semi irregularities, which means that theyre modified only for phonetic and synthetic reasons).If you dont know how to extract the stem from a verb (even though its very leisurely) we will go through it now by omitting all vowels from these verbs we will have dhb = dahaba (to go), hrb = haraba (to run aw ay), ktb = kataba (to write), nsh = nasaha (to advise), drb = daraba (to hit). Easy The second person singular masculine you is conjugated the same way the third person singular feminine she does. Tarsumu = you draw (singular masculine) and also means she draws. 5. 3 The past Tense in Arabic To form the past tense in Arabic you need to extract the stem from the verb in the infinitive first, for exampleTo write = kataba ? stem is ktb, now lets look at the table below to see how this verb is Conjugated in this tense (vegasociety. com/arabicpast-futurehtml) Past Tense in Arabic Singular Dual Plural I wrote = katabtuyou wrote (singular masculine) = katabtayou wrote (singular feminine) = katabtihe wrote = katabashe wrote = katabat you wrote (dual male or female) = katabtumaathey wrote (dual male or female) = katabaa we wrote = katabnayou wrote (plural masculine) = katabtumyour wrote (plural feminine) = katabtunnathey wrote (plural masculine) = katabouthey wrote (plural feminine) = kat abna This is very easy and simpleYou can coiffe almost all trilateral Arabic verbs in this table. First take the verb you essential to conjugate, extract all its 3 consonants, put them in place of the 3 red consonant on the table above. As you may have noticed, look at how the three consonants are spread in the word katabtu, consonant+ vowel+ consonant+ vowel+ consonant I will make the same note I made before in the present tense, you will have to change the vowel n the green font into i, the only difference this time is that you wont have to do it that often as the case with the present tense, because the a is more used. Do you remember the two verbs (to advise = nasaha, and to hit = daraba) that we conjugated differently in the present tense, in the past tense they can be conjugated the same way as rasama & kataba , like I said before many verbs will follow the general rules of the table above when it comes to the past tense unlike the present tense.To conjugate your own trilate ral verb into the past tense go to the table and have your verb stem ready (dont tell me you forgot how to make a stem from a trilateral verb)It should contain three consonant and no vowels, if you want to conjugate it in the paste tense then replace the first consonant on the table above in red k with the first consonant of the stem you have of your own verb, then replace t with the second consonant you have, finally replace b with the withstand consonant you have, and thats itExample I wrote = katabtu , if you want to use I went (1 step is to find the verb to go in the Arabic infinitive the verb is dahaba = to go, 2 the stem is dhb, 3 omit the (k, t, b) stem in the table above and put yours, you will easily get ? dahabtu ) Note in case youre confused whether to replace the a in the green font with i or not, I would just tell you that if youre a forefather just leave the a, because a is the most common, but I would also suggest to read more about the forms that most of verbs take so that you will easily decide whether to put a or i when conjugating verbs into the past tense in Arabic. . 4 Future Tense in Arabic To form the Arabic future tense simply use sa or sawfa + (the verb in present tense). Examples sa aktubu (I will write), sa adhabu (I will go), or if you want to use sawfa sawfa aktubu (I will go), sawfa adhabu (I will go). Isnt that a piece of cake There is no difference between sa and sawfa, to make it easy you can choose to use sa most of the time so that you wont get confused. conclusionAt the end of this clarifying research paper, I can conclude that the tense and aspect in English and Arabic is different and similar in something . It is very important to notice differences between two language . Other conclusions are the following -the research gives the students a brief glimpse of the theory and practice . -to explain the mistakes that most people felt in it ,a particular in tense and aspect and generally in much grammar. In the research try t o solve some common mistakes. -to study the difference structure in English and Arabic. the problem in a grammar make a problem in pronunciation and spelling so we need to treatment this point. References -Abdullah ,a . Breaking The Arabic Code (verbs). The middle east . Palmwe, F . Apelican Original Grammer . 1971 . England . -Stageberg , n . An Introduction English Grammar. 1977. United states of American. -Tipping, L. (1927). A higher English grammar. Machillan & Co London. -Tregidgo, P. S. (1974). English Tense Usage A Bulls-Eye View. ELT, 28, 97-107. -WWW. Vegasociety. Com/Arabicpast-Future Html